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Mount Hudson (Spanish: Volcán Hudson, Monte Hudson) is a stratovolcano in southern Chile, and the site of one of the largest eruptions in the twentieth century. The mountain itself is covered by a glacier. There is a caldera at the summit from an ancient eruption; modern volcanic activity comes from inside the caldera. Mount Hudson is named after Francisco Hudson, a 19th-century Chilean Navy hydrographer.

Mount Hudson
Cerro Hudson
Aerial photo from 1991
Highest point
Elevation	1,905 m (6,250 ft)
Coordinates	45°54′S 72°58′W
Naming
Etymology	Named after Francisco Hudson
Geography
Location	Chile
Parent range	Andes
Geology
Mountain type	Stratovolcano
Volcanic arc/belt	Southern Volcanic Zone
Last eruption	2011

Eruptive history

The first large explosive eruption of the volcano dates, the "H₀" eruption, to around 15,450 BCE.[1] Subsequent large eruptions around 4750 BCE and 1890 BCE are believed to have been of Volcanic explosivity index (VEI) 6; these are probably responsible for the large caldera. The 4750 BCE eruption, also known as "H₁",[1] may have wiped out many or all of the groups living in central Patagonia at that time, based on evidence from the Los Toldos archaeological site,[2] and the sudden ceasing of rock art production in the area around that time, including the utter cessation of Stylistic group A at Cueva de las Manos.[3][4] The 1890 BCE eruption known as "H₂" (ca. 3,900 a cal BP) is known to have deposited an ash layer of about 5 cm as far east as the shores of San Jorge Gulf in the Atlantic coast [1] A microscopic ash layer from the H₂ eruption has also been reported in a peat bog in the Falkland Islands, more than 1200 km east of Mount Hudson [5] Recently, the volcano has had moderate eruptions in 1891 and 1971 as well as a large eruption in 1991. This last eruption is known as "H₃".[1]

1971 eruption

Before 1970, little was known about the mountain. Minor eruptive activity began in 1970 and melted parts of the glacier, raising river water levels and leading to the identification of the caldera. In August–September 1971, a moderate eruption (VEI 3) located in the northwest area of the caldera sent ash into the air and caused lahars from the melting of a large portion of the glacier. The lahars killed five people; many more were evacuated.

1991 eruption

The eruption in August to October 1991 was a large plinian eruption with a VEI of 5, that ejected 4.3 km³ bulk volume (2.7 cubic km of dense rock equivalent material).[6] Parts of the glacier melted and ran down the mountain as mud flows (see glacier run). Due to the remoteness of the area, no-one was killed but hundreds of people were evacuated from the vicinity. Ash fell on Chile and Argentina as well as in the South Atlantic Ocean and on the Falkland Islands.[7] In 1992, John Locke Blake, then resident on Estancia Condor, south of Rio Gallegos, in Argentina describes the effects of the eruption vividly.[8] He describes an ash fall up to 15 cm in depth, covering some 150,000 to 180,000 square kilometres in a triangle from Los Antiguos to Deseado to San Julian to a depth of between 5 and 10 cm. He reports that the hygroscopicity of the silica caused the formation of morasses around drinking places causing sheep to be trapped and die in huge numbers. He records that 'ten years later, most of the farms in the affected area are empty, of sheep and of people'.

In addition to the ash, a large amount of sulfur dioxide gas and aerosols were ejected in the eruption. These contributed to those already in the atmosphere from the even larger 1991 eruption of Mount Pinatubo earlier in the year and helped cause a worldwide cooling effect over the following years. Ozone was also depleted, with the Antarctic ozone hole growing to its largest levels ever recorded in 1992 and 1993.

As a result of the Mount Pinatubo eruption, the Hudson eruption received little attention at the time.

October–November 2011 eruption

On October 26, the Chilean Service for Geology and Minery issued a red alert and a mass evacuation of the region surrounding the volcano, fearing an imminent eruption in the coming hours or days.[9] It happened on Oct 31 but was small and didn't do any damage to the area.[10]

References

External links

• "Cerro Hudson". Global Volcanism Program. Smithsonian Institution.
• Mount Hudson at AGU
• Mount Hudson at VolcanoWorld
• Chile Volcanoes (USGS)

На других языках

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[de] Cerro Hudson

Der Cerro Hudson, auch Volcán Hudson, ist ein 1905 m hoher aktiver Stratovulkan in Chile. Er liegt in der Región de Aisén 100 km nordwestlich von Chile Chico.

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- [en] Mount Hudson

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[es] Volcán Hudson

El volcán Hudson o Monte Hudson (en inglés Mount Hudson) es un volcán chileno ubicado a 15 kilómetros del océano Pacífico y a 137 kilómetros al sur de Coyhaique, al sur del Puerto Aysén y al norte de los Campos de Hielo Norte, en la región de Aysén del General Carlos Ibáñez del Campo.

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[fr] Mont Hudson

Le mont Hudson (en espagnol : Cerro Hudson) est un stratovolcan basé au sud du Chili, et le site de l'une des plus grandes éruptions du XXe siècle. Le mont en lui-même est couvert par un glacier. Une caldeira est située au sommet depuis une ancienne éruption ; les dernières activités volcaniques surviennent à l'intérieur de la caldeira. Nommé d'après Francisco Hudson, il fait partie de la zone volcanique sud des Andes.

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[it] Monte Hudson

Monte Hudson, in spagnolo Cerro Hudson, è uno stratovulcano del Cile del sud. Nel 1991 ha prodotto una delle più grandi eruzioni del secolo. La montagna ha alla sua sommità una grande caldere formatasi 5 o 6 000 anni fa. È attualmente coperta da un ghiacciaio. Le moderne eruzioni sono avvenute all'interno della caldera, con la parziale fusione del ghiacciaio. L'eruzione più importante avvenuta in epoca storica ha avuto luogo tra l'agosto e l'ottobre del 1991; essa fu di tipo pliniano e mise nell'atmosfera un'importante quantità di anidride solforosa. L'eruzione avvenne pochi mesi dopo quella del vulcano Pinatubo e trovò poca eco nei mezzi di comunicazione, pur essendo di dimensioni importanti, in quanto la regione dell'eruzione poco abitata non ebbe le devastanti conseguenze del vulcano filippino. Solo nel 2008 in Alaska il vulcano dell'Isola Kasatochi ha avuto una emissione di anidride solforosa di proporzioni simili.

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[ru] Серро-Хадсон

Серро-Хадсон (исп. Cerro Hudson, исп. Volcán Hudson) — активный вулкан в Андах на территории Чили. Относится к стратовулканам.

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