De facto between Russia (Crimea) (disputed) and Ukraine[19][20][21]
Rotten Sea islands
Among Finland, Norway, and Sweden:
Three-Country Cairn, the boundary cairn at the tripoint, is 10 metres from the shore of Lake Goldajärvi/Koltajauri, and hence arguably a tiny artificial island. Around 14 m2. The lower limit for artificial islands is a matter of definition, because near Haparanda there are boundary poles of less than 0.1 m2.
The border between Austria and Hungary cuts across the Neusiedler See/Fertő tó, where the water level fluctuates, sometimes exposing island flats which straddle the border.
River islands
Island (Staustufe Apach) in the Moselle River near Schengen: mostly in France, the tip is in the Moselle condominium shared by Luxembourg and Germany[77]
The lower reaches of the Ganges,[82]Teesta,[83] and Brahmaputra[84] Rivers, approaching the Ganges Delta, are braided and contain numerous sand islands called chars.[85] These can be large and inhabited but are impermanent. At any given time, several are likely to straddle the border between India (Assam and West Bengal) and Bangladesh, though this border is not fully specified.
An island labelled 'Q' in the Maritsa River, between Greece and Turkey.[86]
Other islands have been divided by international borders in the past but they are now unified.
The definite borders of modern nation states do not apply in other forms of societal organisation, where "divided" islands may consequently be less noteworthy. For example, in Ancient Greece, the island of Euboea was divided among several city-states, including Chalcis and Eretria; and before its settlement by Europeans, the Island of Tasmania was divided among nine indigenous tribes.
Islands in wartime may be divided between an invading and defending power, as with Crete in 1645–1669 between the Ottoman Empire and the Republic of Venice.
Examples of formerly divided islands include:
Corsica – was divided between the Republic of Pisa and the Republic of Genoa by a ruling by Pope Innocent II in 1132, and it remained so until the Battle of Meloria of 1284. Subsequently Corsica became part of Genoa, Aragon, Genoa again, the Corsican Republic, France, Anglo-Corsican Kingdom, and finally France again.
Sardinia – was divided into indigenous giudicati since before the year 900 through the extinction of the Giudicato of Arborea in 1420. Since then, Sardinia has successively been a part of Aragon, the Spanish Empire, Piedmont–Sardinia, the Kingdom of Italy, and the Republic of Italy.
Saaremaa (1237–1570) and Hiiumaa (1254–1563) – Divided between the Livonian Order and the Bishopric of Ösel-Wiek (the Kingdom of Denmark after 1560). Thereafter these were part of Denmark (Saaremaa only), the Kingdom of Sweden, Imperial Russia, Estonia, the Soviet Union, Nazi Germany (1941–1944), the Soviet Union again, and finally Estonia after the dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1991.
Piirissaar in Lake Peipus – literally "Border Island" in Estonian, it was first divided in the 13th or 14th century and remained divided between the Bishopric of Dorpat and the later Polish Livonia and Swedish Livonia on one side and the Novgorod Republic and the later Principality of Pskov, Pskov Republic and the Tsardom of Russia on the other side until the annexation of Swedish Livonia into Russia in 1721.
Tobago – from 1654 through 1659, this island had colonies from both the Duchy of Courland and Semigallia and the Dutch Republic. Both of these colonies failed economically and were abandoned.[91] Later, Tobago became part of the French Empire, then the Kingdom of Great Britain (1706), the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland, the present United Kingdom, and the independent country of Trinidad and Tobago.
Ternate – divided between the Spanish Empire allied with Tidore, and the Dutch Republic allied with the Sultan of Ternate from 1607 through 1663. Later, Ternate has successive been owned by the Netherlands, the Japanese Empire (1942–1945), Netherlands again, and the independent country of Indonesia, beginning in 1949.
Long Island, New York – divided between the Dutch Republic and the Kingdom of England beginning in 1640 (de facto, by the founding of the Southold), or in 1650 (de jure, by the Treaty of Hartford), through to the surrender of New Netherland to the British Army in 1664. Thereafter, Long Island has been owned by Kingdom of England, the Kingdom of Great Britain, and the United States from 1781 through the present. Long Island has been part of the State of New York since 1781, and it is the largest island in the Contiguous United States (48 states).
Great Britain – Earlier divided into three or more kingdoms, including England, Wales, and Scotland, and sometimes ruled in part by the Roman Empire and the Danish Empire. These parts were reduced to just two before 1707, when the Kingdom of England and the Kingdom of Scotland enacted the Acts of Union of 1707, establishing just one monarchy and one parliament. Since 1707, England, Scotland, and Wales have been part of (successively) the Kingdom of Great Britain, the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland, and the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, often called the United Kingdom for short.
Sri Lanka – In the 1000s, the island was ruled in part by the Chola Empire, the Tamil Kingdoms in the North, and the Sinhalese Kingdoms in the south. The island was later divided into three or more kingdoms, including the Jaffna Kingdom, the Vanni Nadu, the Kingdom of Kandy, and the Kingdom of Kotte. After waves of Portuguese, Dutch and British colonization, the island was united as a single entity under the British. The country then known as Ceylon attained independence in 1948, and in 1972, the current Democratic Socialist Republic of Sri Lanka was established.
Newfoundland Island – Earlier divided between Great Britain and the French Empire until the enactment of the Treaty of Utrecht in 1713. Following this treaty, Newfoundland was part of the British Empire. Then it became the partially independent Dominion of Newfoundland, which next became a Province of Canada in 1949.
Saint Kitts – Divided between Great Britain and the French Empire in 1628. "The island fell to the French in April 1666, but by the Treaty of Utrecht, April 11, 1713, it was yielded entirely to the British crown."[92] Then it became part of the British Empire for about 250 years, and finally part of the independent country of Saint Kitts and Nevis. At various times of war in the Caribbean Sea, either France or Great Britain occupied all of Saint Kitts both before and after 1713.
Elba – divided from 1548 through 1802. Portoferraio belonged to the Duke of Florence (later the Grand Duchy of Tuscany) from 1548 until this was ceded to France in 1802 under the Treaty of Amiens. Porto Longone belonged to the State of Presidi, a client of first the Spanish Empire and then the Kingdom of Naples, from 1557 until ceded to France in 1801 by the Treaty of Florence. The rest of this island belonged to the Principality of Piombino until conquered by the French Empire, and then in 1802 Napoleon made Elba into the Kingdom of Etruria. This island was successively part of the French Empire, the Principality of Piombino under Elisa Baciocchi, under the sovereignty of Napoleon by the terms of the Treaty of Fontainebleau (1814), part of Tuscany again, part of the Kingdom of Italy, Italian Social Republic (1943–44), and finally a part of the Republic of Italy.[93][94]
Efate – Divided for several months during 1889 between Franceville and the New Hebrides, then under an Anglo-French joint naval commission.
Sakhalin Island – Divided between the Russian Empire, then the Soviet Union, and the Japanese Empire along the 50th parallel north by the terms of the Treaty of Portsmouth of 1905 through the final Surrender of the Japanese Empire in 1945. Henceforth, all of Sakhalin became part of the Soviet Union, and then the Russian Federation, de facto. The Japanese Empire still considers the ownership of Sakhalin to be undetermined, and Sakhalin is shown on many Japanese maps as a "no man's land".
Killiniq Island – divided between Canada and the Colony of Newfoundland and then the Dominion of Newfoundland beginning with the founding of Canada in 1867 through 1949 with the addition of Newfoundland to Canada.
Ankoko Island in the Cuyuni River on the border between Venezuela and British Guiana (now Guyana).
Zhongshan Dao in the Pearl River Delta was divided between China and Macau from ratification of the Treaty of Tientsin in 1862 through the final return of Macao to China in the year 1999.
Frijoles Island within Gatun Lake in the former Panama Canal Zone was split between the United States and Panama on 1 October 1979, the date that the 1977 Panama Canal Treaty took effect. Much of the former Canal Zone area was transferred to Panama on that day. The Panama Railroad served as the new border in an area where it crosses Gatun Lake via a causeway, with the railroad bisecting Frijoles Island. The entire island transferred to exclusive Panamanian jurisdiction on 31 December 1999.[95][96]
The small middle island of Las Tres Hermanas ("The Three Sisters") off the Pacific coast of Panama City was split between the U.S. Panama Canal Zone and Panama by the Taft Agreement on 12 December 1904. The entire island was placed in the Canal Zone on 11 February 1915. Today the Cinta Costera lies on top of it.
Popes Folly Island in Passamaquoddy Bay between the United States (Maine) and Canada (New Brunswick) had been divided prior to the 1908 border treaty between the U.S. and Great Britain.[97][98]
A few former islands have disappeared because of changes in water levels:
Vozrozhdeniya Island in the Aral Sea was split between the Soviet Republics of Uzbekistan and Kazakhstan. This border became an international one in 1991 when the Soviet Union was dissolved. By the year 2002, this island had become a peninsula of the mainland because of the falling water level of the Aral Sea.
The small Bogomerom Archipelago of islets in Lake Chad was formerly divided between Chad and Nigeria.[99] The water level of Lake Chad has historically varied a lot, but this level has fallen so low that these islets are now part of the mainland of Africa.
Subnational divided islands
There are islands that lie across different provinces or states of the same country.
Smith Island in Chesapeake Bay and Assateague Island, a barrier island on the Atlantic coast of the United States, are divided between the states of Maryland and Virginia. Ellis Island contains a true exclave of the state of New York, which is largely the area of the original natural island, while all land reclamation extensions from 1890-1935 are in New Jersey. The states also share Shooters Island in Newark Bay. Owing only to accretion of silt, an island has arisen spontaneously in the Mississippi River at the location of the boundary trijunction of Arkansas, Louisiana, and Mississippi, and is thus divided among the three states.
Zhongshan Island, in China, is divided between the province of Guangdong and the special administrative region of Macau. Pag, in Croatia, is divided between Zadar County and Lika-Senj County.
List of enclaves and exclaves – a subcategory of pene-enclaves/exclaves
Condominium (international law) – land jointly administered by two states, rather than divided between them (e. g., Pheasant Island, administered by France and Spain during alternating periods of six months).
Category:Disputed islands and list of territorial disputes – includes many islands claimed by multiple countries, but administered by one.
Guantanamo Bay Naval Base – leased indefinitely by the United States but with sovereignty retained by Cuba
Korean Demilitarized Zone – includes several small islands
List of islands in lakes
References
New Guinea is the second most extensive sea island and the highest sea island with the summit of Puncak Jaya at 4884 meters.
"Islands by land area". UN system-wide Earthwatch. United Nations Environment Programme. 1998-02-18. Retrieved 2009-09-27.
Borneo is the third most extensive sea island and the third highest sea island with the summit of Mount Kinabalu at 4095 meters.
Nolan, William. "Geography of Ireland". Government of Ireland. Archived from the original on 24 November 2009. Retrieved 11 November 2009.
The tip of Cape Muzon was established as the "point of commencement" of the international boundary with Alaska in the Anglo-Russian Convention of 1825. A Court of Arbitration in 1903 ruled that Point "A" (54°39′43.993″N132°41′3.093″W) was the initial point of this boundary. Canada has accepted this as a demarcated boundary; however, the U.S. disputes that Point "A" is a boundary point.
Davidson, George (1903). The Alaska Boundary. San Francisco: Alaska Packers Association. pp.79–81, 129–134, 177–179, 229.
Margedant, Udo; Thomas Ellerbeck (1991). Politische Landeskunde Mecklenburg-Vorpommern (in German). Mecklenburg-Vorpommern: Landeszentrale für politische Bildung. p.89.
GIOSAN, LIVIU; DONNELLY, JEFFREY P.; VESPREMEANU, EMIL; BHATTACHARYA, JANOK P.; OLARIU, CORNEL; BUONAIUTO, FRANK S. (2005). "RIVER DELTA MORPHODYNAMICS: EXAMPLES FROM THE DANUBE DELTA"(PDF). River Deltas—Concepts, Models, and Examples (Special Publication No. 83). Society for Sedimentary Geology: 403–405. ISBN1-56576-113-8.
Jacques Boisvert. "Province Island". Retrieved 2006-11-04. It is the largest island in Lake Memphremagog, being 77 acres, of which 7 acres, are in the United States.
Office of the Geographer, Bureau of Intelligence and Research (1967-02-01). International Boundary Study No. 74: Finland–U.S.S.R. boundary(PDF). United States Department of State. p.21. Archived from the original(PDF) on 2006-09-16. Hence the frontier runs...to a point on a small unnamed island in Lake Pukarinjarvi between the cape west of the village of Laitela and the Niittysaaryi island.
International Boundary Study No. 74, page 22. ""The frontier follows the creek down to Lake Onkamojarvi, intersects the small island of Siiheojansuusaai and proceeds in a straight line to the small island of Tossensaari."
Portion of Onkamojärvi from Citizen's Mapsite of Finland (Siiheojansuusaari is IV/179; Tossonsaari is IV/180)
Krogh, Jan S. "Lake Druksiai". Retrieved 2006-12-10. The international border is marked on the map.
"World Lakes Database: LAKE DRUKSIAI". International lakes environment committee. Archived from the original on 2007-03-12. Retrieved 2006-12-10. Number of main islands (name and area): Zamok (0.26 km²), Sosnovec (0.048 km²), Utovec (0.0088 km²) and 5 nameless islands.
Office of the Geographer, Bureau of Intelligence and Research (1976-02-20). International Boundary Study No. No. 154 – Djibouti – Ethiopia Boundary(PDF). United States Department of State. p.8. Archived from the original(PDF) on 2013-11-09. From Monument No. 53 on the south bank of Lake Abbe, the border crosses the lake from south to north continuing in a straight line for 30 kilometers. It cuts across the islet of hill 255 off Cape Aleilou.
The northern shore of Corocoro is on the open ocean, but it is not truly a sea island as the southern boundary is a freshwater channel. The island is claimed in its entirety by Venezuela. 8.517°N 60.083°W / 8.517; -60.083
Chowdhury, Sifatul Quader; Chowdhury, Masud Hasan (2012). "Char". In Islam, Sirajul; Jamal, Ahmed A. (eds.). Banglapedia: National Encyclopedia of Bangladesh (Seconded.). Asiatic Society of Bangladesh.
Office of the Geographer, Bureau of Intelligence and Research (1964-11-23). International Boundary Study No. 41: Greece – Turkey boundary(PDF). United States Department of State. p.7. Archived from the original(PDF) on 2009-03-16. Returning to the median of the Maritsa, [...] the boundary continues [...] to boundary marker No. 24 on the northern end of an island designated "Q". Thence, the boundary line extends a distance of 800.5 feet to marker No. 25 near the center, thence a distance of 1,804 feet to marker No. 26 on the southwestern extremity of island "Q".
"A treaty between Great Britain and the United States providing for the more complete definition and demarcation of the international boundary between the Dominion of Canada and the United States". 1908. hdl:2027/hvd.32044086241809.{{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
Office of the Geographer (June 1969). "Chad-Nigeria boundary". United States Department of State. Archived from the original(JPEG) on 2007-06-15. Retrieved 2006-12-06.
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