geo.wikisort.org - Island

Elephant Island is an ice-covered, mountainous island off the coast of Antarctica in the outer reaches of the South Shetland Islands, in the Southern Ocean. The island is situated 245 kilometres (152 miles) north-northeast of the tip of the Antarctic Peninsula, 1,253 kilometres (779 miles) west-southwest of South Georgia, 935 kilometres (581 miles) south of the Falkland Islands, and 885 kilometres (550 miles) southeast of Cape Horn. It is within the Antarctic claims of Argentina, Chile and the United Kingdom.

Elephant

Elephant Location in the South Shetland Islands Show map of South Shetland Islands Elephant Location in Antarctica Show map of Antarctica
Geography
Location	Antarctica
Coordinates	61°08′S 55°07′W
Archipelago	South Shetland Islands
Area	558 km2 (215 sq mi)
Length	47 km (29.2 mi)
Width	27 km (16.8 mi)
Highest elevation	973 m (3192 ft)
Highest point	Mount Pendragon
Administration
Administered under the Antarctic Treaty
Demographics
Population	Uninhabited

The Brazilian Antarctic Program maintains a shelter on the island, Goeldi, supporting the work of up to six researchers each during the summer,[1] and formerly had another (Wiltgen), which was dismantled in the summers of 1997 and 1998.

Toponym

Elephant Island's name is attributed to both its elephant head-like appearance and the sighting of elephant seals by Captain George Powell in 1821, one of the earliest sightings. However, in Russia it is still known under the name given by its discoverers in 1821 – Mordvinova Island.

Geography

The island is oriented approximately east–west, with a maximum elevation of 853 m (2,799 ft) at Pardo Ridge. The weather is normally foggy with much snow, and winds can reach 160 km/h (100 mph).

Significant named features are Cape Yelcho, Cape Valentine and Cape Lookout at the northeastern and southern extremes, and Point Wild, a spit on the north coast. The Endurance Glacier is the main discharge glacier.

Geology

Elephant Island is part of the Scotia metamorphic complex, which was created by Cretaceous sea floor sediments being scraped off and metamorphosed at the Scotia subduction zone. The resulting rocks are phyllites, blueschists and greenschists typical of an accretionary wedge, with increased metamorphism from northeast to southwest. These rocks are at the surface here because of uplift along the Shackleton Fault Zone where it meets the South Scotia Ridge. This complex is very similar in age and rock types to those of coastal California, including Catalina Island and the Big Sur coast.[2]

Elephant Island is the type locality for phosphate mineral spheniscidite.[3]

Flora and fauna

The island supports no significant flora or native fauna, although migratory gentoo penguins and seals may be found, and chinstrap penguins nest in season. A lack of safe anchorage has prevented any permanent human settlement, despite the island being well placed to support scientific, fishing and whaling activities. Due to slow recoveries and illegal whaling by the Soviet Union with support from Japan, numbers of southern right whales visiting Elephant island are still at low levels.^{[citation needed]}

History

First Russian Antarctic expedition

The First Russian Antarctic expedition led by Fabian Gottlieb von Bellingshausen and Mikhail Lazarev on the 985-ton sloop-of-war Vostok ("East") and the 530-ton support vessel Mirny ("Peaceful") discovered Elephant Island on 29 January 1821 and named it Остров Мордвинова ("Mordvinov Island") in honour of Admiral Mordvinov [ru].

Endurance expedition

The island was the desolate refuge of the British explorer Ernest Shackleton and his crew in 1916 following the loss of their ship Endurance in the pack ice of the Weddell Sea. The crew of 28 reached Cape Valentine on Elephant Island after months spent drifting on ice floes and a harrowing crossing of the open ocean in small lifeboats.[4] After camping at Cape Valentine for two nights, Shackleton and his crew moved 11 km (7 mi) west to a small, rocky spit at the terminus of a glacier, which offered better protection from rockfalls and from the sea, and which they called Point Wild.

Realizing that there was no chance of passive rescue, Shackleton decided to sail to South Georgia, where he knew there were several whaling stations. Shackleton sailed with Tom Crean, Frank Worsley, Harry "Chippy" McNish, Tim McCarthy, and John Vincent on an 1,300 km (800 mi) voyage in the lifeboat James Caird beginning on Easter Monday, April 24, 1916, and arriving at South Georgia 16 days later. His second-in-command, Frank Wild, was left in charge of the remaining party on Elephant Island, waiting for Shackleton's return with a rescue ship.[5]

There was much work for the stranded men. Because the island had no natural source of shelter, they constructed a shack and wind blocks from their remaining two lifeboats and pieces of canvas tents. Blubber lamps were used for lighting. They hunted for penguins and seals, neither of which were plentiful in autumn or winter. Shackleton instructed Wild to depart with the crew for Deception Island if he did not return to rescue them by the beginning of summer, but after four and a half months, on August 30, 1916, the artist George Marston spotted a ship. The ship, with Shackleton on board, was the tug Yelcho, from Punta Arenas, Chile, commanded by Luis Pardo, which rescued all the men who had set out on the original expedition.

Joint Services Expeditions 1970–71

A Joint Services Expedition led by Commander Malcolm Burley was dropped off on Elephant Island by HMS Endurance. The party then spent six months carrying out a survey of the island and other scientific research for the British Antarctic Survey and climbing some of the peaks on the island.[6] The expedition visited Point Wild but found no trace of the Endurance expedition; it did, however, find the wreckage of a large sailing vessel, likely the remains of the schooner Charles Shearer from Stonington, New London, Connecticut, under Captain William Henry Appelman. The expedition also landed on and climbed the highest peak on nearby Clarence Island.[7][8]

Historic sites

Point Wild contains the Endurance Memorial Site, an Antarctic Historic Site (HSM 53), with a bust of Captain Pardo and several plaques. Hampson Cove on the southwest coast of the island, including the foreshore and intertidal area, contains the wreckage of a large wooden sailing vessel; it has been designated a Historic Site or Monument (HSM 74), following a proposal by the United Kingdom to the Antarctic Treaty Consultative Meeting.[9][8]

Maps

• British Antarctic Territory. Scale 1:200000 topographic map. DOS 610 Series, Sheet W 61 54. Directorate of Overseas Surveys, Tolworth, UK, 1972.
• South Shetland Islands: Elephant, Clarence and Gibbs Islands. Scale 1:220000 topographic map. UK Antarctic Place-names Committee, 2009.
• Antarctic Digital Database (ADD). Scale 1:250000 topographic map of Antarctica. Scientific Committee on Antarctic Research (SCAR). Since 1993, regularly upgraded and updated.

See also

• Composite Gazetteer of Antarctica
• The Cornet
• List of Antarctic and sub-Antarctic islands
• Minstrel Point
• Prince Charles Strait
• Scientific Committee on Antarctic Research
• Territorial claims in Antarctica

References

Bibliography

• Antarctica Sydney: Reader's Digest, 1985.
• Child, Jack Antarctica and South American Geopolitics: Frozen Lebensraum New York: Praeger Publishers, 1988.
• Furse, Chris Elephant Island – An Antarctic Expedition Shrewsbury: Anthony Nelson Ltd, Shrewsbury, England, ISBN 0-904614-02-6.
• Mericq, Luis Antarctica: Chile's Claim. Washington: National Defense University, 1987.
• Pinochet de la Barra, Oscar La Antarctica Chilena Santiago: Editorial Andrés Bello, 1976.
• Stewart, Andrew Antarctica: An Encyclopedia London: McFarland and Co., 1990 (2 volumes).
• Worsley, Frank Shackleton's Boat Journey W.W. Norton & Co., 1933.

External links

• Video of a southern right whale off Elephant Island in 2012

На других языках

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[de] Elephant Island

Elephant Island (englisch für „Elefanteninsel“) lautet der Name einer Insel im östlichen Teil der Südlichen Shetlandinseln. Die felsige, unbewohnte Insel ist 245 km nordöstlich der Spitze der Antarktischen Halbinsel im Südlichen Ozean gelegen. Sie ist 1300 km südwestlich von Südgeorgien entfernt und liegt 935 km südlich der Falklandinseln und 885 km südöstlich vom Kap Hoorn. Die Insel befindet sich innerhalb der antarktischen Gebietsansprüche von Argentinien, Großbritannien und Chile. Brasilien richtete 1988 zwei Standorte an der Nordwestküste der Insel ein, die die Arbeit von bis zu sechs Forschern im Sommer ermöglichten. Davon besteht noch Refúgio Emílio Goeldi, während die nördlich davon gelegene Station Refúgio Engenheiro Wiltgen 1997/98 aufgegeben und abgebaut wurde.

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- [en] Elephant Island

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[es] Isla Elefante

La isla Elefante es la más septentrional de las islas Shetland del Sur, archipiélago ubicado en la Antártida. Junto con la isla Clarence y otras islas e islotes, forma el grupo llamado islas Piloto Pardo en la cartografía oficial chilena.[1]

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[fr] Île de l'Éléphant

L’île de l’Éléphant est une île montagneuse située au nord-ouest de l'Antarctique. Elle fait partie de l’archipel des îles Shetland du Sud. Sa position géographique est 61° 01′ S, 54° 54′ O, à 1 300 km au sud-ouest de la Géorgie du Sud.

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[it] Isola Elephant

L'isola Elefante è una piccola isola montuosa coperta di ghiaccio, situata al largo della costa dell'Antartide (circa 240 km) nelle vicinanze delle isole Shetland Meridionali, nell'Oceano Meridionale. Essa si trova alla latitudine 61°15′S 55°10′W, circa 1.300 chilometri a sud-ovest della Georgia del Sud.

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[ru] Остров Мордвинова

Остров Мордвинова, также Элефант (англ. Elephant Island) — покрытый льдом остров архипелага Южные Шетландские острова. Находится примерно в 1300 км к юго-западу от Южной Георгии и в 900 км к юго-востоку от мыса Горн.

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