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The Jamuna River (Bengali: যমুনা Jomuna) is one of the three main rivers of Bangladesh. It is the lower stream of the Brahmaputra River, which originates in Tibet as Yarlung Tsangpo, before flowing into India and then southwest into Bangladesh. The Jamuna flows south and joins the Padma River (Pôdda), near Goalundo Ghat, before meeting the Meghna River near Chandpur. It then flows into the Bay of Bengal as the Meghna River.

A Map showing major rivers in Bangladesh including Jamuna.
A Map showing major rivers in Bangladesh including Jamuna.
Fishing boats on the Jamuna River
Fishing boats on the Jamuna River

The Brahmaputra-Jamuna is a classic example of a braided river and is highly susceptible to channel migration and avulsion.[1] It is characterised by a network of interlacing channels with numerous sandbars enclosed between them. The sandbars, known in Bengali as chars, do not occupy a permanent position. The river deposits them in one year, very often to be destroyed later, and redeposits them in the next rainy season. The process of bank and deposit erosion together with redeposition has been going on continuously,[2] making it difficult to precisely demarcate the boundary between the district of Pabna on one side and the districts of Mymensingh, Tangail and Dhaka on the other. The breaking of a char or the emergence of a new one is also a cause of much violence and litigation. The confluence of the Jamuna River and Padma River is unusually unstable and has been shown to have migrated southeast by over fourteen kilometres between 1972 and 2014.[3]

Jamuna River
Jamuna River

Course


A view of Jamuna River from Jamuna Bridge
A view of Jamuna River from Jamuna Bridge

In Bangladesh, the Brahmaputra is joined by the Teesta River (or Tista), one of its largest tributaries.

James Rennell made a survey between 1764 and 1777 and his maps are one of the earliest authentic maps of Bengal in existence. In these maps Teesta is shown as flowing through North Bengal in several branches — Punarbhaba, Atrai, Karatoya, etc. All these streams combined lower down with the Mahananda, now the westernmost river in North Bengal, and taking the name of Hoorsagar finally discharged into the Ganges at Jafarganj, near modern Goalundo. The Hoorsagar river is still in existence, being the combined outfall of the Baral, a spill channel of the Ganges, the Atrai, the Jamuna or Jamuneswari (not the main Jamuna through which the Brahmaputra now flows), and the Karatoya, but instead of falling into the Ganges, it falls into the main Jamuna, a few kilometres above its confluence with the Padma at Goalundo.[4]

James Rennell's 1776 map shows the Brahmaputra's main flow through Jamalpur and Mymensingh and a much narrower Jamuna or Jamuneswari before an earthquake in 1762, and the Teesta R. flowing in 3 channels to the Ganges before a flood in 1787.
James Rennell's 1776 map shows the Brahmaputra's main flow through Jamalpur and Mymensingh and a much narrower Jamuna or Jamuneswari before an earthquake in 1762, and the Teesta R. flowing in 3 channels to the Ganges before a flood in 1787.

Below the Teesta, the Brahmaputra splits into two distributary branches. The western branch, which contains the majority of the river's flow, continues due south as the Jamuna (Jomuna) to merge with the lower Ganges, called the Padma River (Pôdda). The eastern branch, formerly the larger but now much smaller, is called the lower or Old Brahmaputra (Bromhoputro). It curves southeast to join the Meghna River near Dhaka. The Padma and Meghna converge near Chandpur and flow out into the Bay of Bengal. This final part of the river is called Meghna.

In the past the course of the lower Brahmaputra was different and passed through the Jamalpur and Mymensingh districts. In a major[5] magnitude earthquake on April 2, 1762, the main channel of the Brahmaputra at Bhahadurabad point was switched southwards and opened as Jamuna due to the result of tectonic uplift of the Madhupur tract.[6]

The Jamuna is a very wide river. During the rains it is about 8–13 km (5–8 mi) from bank to bank. Even during the dry season when the waters subside, the breadth is hardly less than 3–5 km (2–3 mi).

The Jamuna was a barrier in establishing a direct road link between capital Dhaka and northern part of Bangladesh, better known as Rajshahi Division, until 1996. This was mitigated by the completion of the Jamuna Multi-purpose Bridge.[7] It is also a very important waterway. It is navigable all year round by large cargo and passenger steamers. Before the Partition of Bengal in 1947, passenger steamers used to ply up to Dibrugarh in the state of Assam in the Indian Union. At present two steamer ferry services link the district of Pabna with the districts of Mymensingh, Tangail and Dhaka. The Bangladesh Railway maintains a ferry service between Serajganj in Pabna and Jagannathganj in Mymensingh. The other ferry service between Nagarbari in Pabna and Aricha in Dhaka is run by the C & B Department.


See also



References


  1. Catling, David (1982). Rice in deep water. International Rice Research Institute. p. 177. ISBN 978-971-22-0005-2. Retrieved 23 April 2011.
  2. Mount, Nick J.; Tate, Nicholas J.; Sarker, Maminul H.; Thorne, Colin R. (2013). "Evolutionary, multi-scale analysis of river bank line retreat using continuous wavelet transforms: Jamuna River, Bangladesh" (PDF). Geomorphology. 183: 82–95. Bibcode:2013Geomo.183...82M. doi:10.1016/j.geomorph.2012.07.017.
  3. Dixon, Simon J.; Smith, Gregory H. Sambrook; Best, James L.; Nicholas, Andrew P.; Bull, Jon M.; Vardy, Mark E.; Sarker, Maminul H.; Goodbred, Steven (2018). "The planform mobility of river channel confluences: Insights from analysis of remotely sensed imagery". Earth-Science Reviews. 176: 1–18. Bibcode:2018ESRv..176....1D. doi:10.1016/j.earscirev.2017.09.009.
  4. Majumdar, S.C., Chief Engineer, Bengal, Rivers of the Bengal Delta, Government of Bengal, 1941, reproduced in Rivers of Bengal, Vol I, 2001, p. 45, published by Education department, Government of West Bengal.
  5. Chowdhury, Sifatul Quader (2012). "Fault". In Islam, Sirajul; Jamal, Ahmed A. (eds.). Banglapedia: National Encyclopedia of Bangladesh (Second ed.). Asiatic Society of Bangladesh.
  6. Suess, E.; Sollas, W.J.; Sollas, H.B.C. (1904). The face of the earth: (Das antlitz der erde). Clarendon press.
  7. Akhter, Farida (2005). Japan ODA: Cause of river erosion, displacement and environmental destruction in Bangladesh? (PDF). The Reality of Aid: Asia-Pacific. pp. 63–75. Retrieved 21 June 2014.



На других языках


[de] Jamuna

Jamuna (bengalisch .mw-parser-output .Beng{font-size:110%}যমুনা Yamunā [.mw-parser-output .IPA a{text-decoration:none}dʒɔmuna]) ist der Name des Brahmaputra-Hauptstranges in Bangladesch und zugleich der drittletzte der vielen namentlich unterschiedenen Abschnitte des größten Flusslaufes in Asien. Die Jamuna hat eine mittlere Wasserführung von 20.100 m³/s. Sie ist nicht mit dem Fluss Yamuna in Indien zu verwechseln.
- [en] Jamuna River (Bangladesh)

[es] Río Yamuna (Bangladés)

Este río de Bangladés no debe confundirse con el río Yamuna de la India.

[ru] Джамуна

Джаму́на (бенг. যমুনা) — одна из главных рек Бангладеш, главный рукав[источник не указан 3473 дня] реки Брахмапутра в районе устья. Река течёт на юг, сливаясь с рекой Падма в дельте Ганга. С 1998 года реку пересекает Джамунский мост (решение о строительстве которого было принято в 1966), связывающей столицу Дакку с северо-восточными частями Бангладеш[1]. Высота истока — 16 м над уровнем моря.[источник не указан 1210 дней] Притоки: Тиста, Торса.



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