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The Dinaric Alps (/dɪˈnærɪk/),[1] also Dinarides, are a mountain range in Southern and Southcentral Europe, separating the continental Balkan Peninsula from the Adriatic Sea. They stretch from Italy in the northwest through Slovenia, Croatia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Serbia, Montenegro, and Kosovo[lower-alpha 1] to Albania in the southeast.[2][3]

Dinaric Alps
Orjen spreads between Bosnia and Herzegovina and Montenegro and is the most heavily karstified range of the Dinarides.
Highest point
PeakMaja Jezercë in Albania
Elevation2,694 m (8,839 ft)
Coordinates45°N 17°E
Dimensions
Length645 km (401 mi) NW-SE
Area200,000 km2 (77,000 sq mi)
Geography
Topography and relief of the Dinarides
CountriesAlbania, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Croatia, Italy, Montenegro, Kosovo, Serbia and Slovenia
Borders onJulian Alps
Geology
Age of rockMesozoic era
Type of rockSedimentary

The Dinaric Alps extend for approximately 645 kilometres (401 mi) along the Western Balkan Peninsula from the Julian Alps to the northwest in Italy, downwards to the Šar and Korab massif, where their direction changes. The Accursed Mountains, is the highest section of the entire Dinaric Alps; this section stretches from Albania to Kosovo and eastern Montenegro. Maja Jezercë is the highest peak and is located in Albania, standing at 2,694 metres (8,839 ft) above the Adriatic.

The Dinaric Alps are one of the most rugged and extensive mountainous areas of Europe, alongside the Caucasus Mountains, Alps, Pyrenees, Carpathian Mountains and Scandinavian Mountains.[citation needed] They are formed largely of Mesozoic and Cenozoic sedimentary rocks of dolomite, limestone, sandstone and conglomerates formed by seas and lakes that once covered the area. During the Alpine earth movements that occurred 50 to 100 million years ago, immense lateral pressures folded and overthrust the rocks in a great arc around the old rigid block of the northeast. The main tectonic phase of the orogenesis in the area of the Dinaric Karst took place in Cenozoic Era (Paleogene) as a result of the Adriatic microplate (Adria) collision with Europe, and the process is still active.[4] The Dinaric Alps were thrown up in more or less parallel ranges, stretching like necklaces from the Julian Alps as far as northern Albania and Kosovo, where the mountainous terrain subsides to make way for the waters of the Drin River and the plains of Kosovo.


Name


The Dinarides are named after Mount Dinara (1,831 m), a prominent peak in the center of the mountain range on the border with the Dalmatian part of Croatia and Bosnia and Herzegovina.[5] Names of the chain in local languages include Albanian: Alpet Dinarike [alpɛt dinaɾikɛ] or Dinaret; Italian: Alpi Dinariche [alpi dinarikɛ]; Serbo-Croatian: Динариди, Dinaridi or Динарско горје Dinarsko gorje [dìnarskòː ɡòːrjeː]; Slovene: Dinarsko gorstvo [dìnarskòː ɡòːrstvòː].


Geology


Valbona Pass, northern Albania
Valbona Pass, northern Albania

The Dinaric Karst region is built mostly of Mesozoic limestone and dolomite deposited on top of a huge Bahama-type carbonate platform,[6] while a few kilometers thick carbonate successions have been deformed during the Alpine orogenesis.[7] The main tectonic phase of the Alpine orogenesis in the Dinaric Karst region took place in the Cenozoic Era (Paleogene) as a result of the Adriatic microplate (Adria) collision with Europe, and the process is still active.[4] The Mesozoic limestone forms a very distinctive region of the Balkans, notable for features such as the Karst Plateau, which has given its name to all such terrains of limestone eroded by groundwater. The Dinarides are known for being composed of karst – limestone rocks – as is Dinara, the mountain for which they were named.[5] The Quaternary ice ages had relatively little direct geologic influence on the Balkans. No permanent ice caps existed, and there is little evidence of extensive glaciation. Only the highest summits of Durmitor, Orjen and Prenj have glacial valleys and moraines as low as 600 m (1,969 ft). However, in the Accursed Mountains, a range on the northern Albanian border that runs east to west (thus breaking the general geographic trend of the Dinaric system), there is evidence of major glaciation. One geological feature of great importance to the present-day landscape of the Dinarides must be considered in more detail: that of the limestone mountains, often with their attendant faulting. They are hard and slow to erode, and often persist as steep jagged escarpments, through which steep-sided gorges and canyons are cleft by the rivers draining the higher slopes.[citation needed]

The partially submerged western Dinaric Alps form the numerous islands and harbors along the Croatian coast.

Mount Mučanj, lower Dinarides, western Serbia
Mount Mučanj, lower Dinarides, western Serbia

Rivers in Dinaric karst


The surroundings of Foča. Bosnia and Herzegovina
The surroundings of Foča. Bosnia and Herzegovina

The most extensive example of limestone mountains in Europe are those of the Karst of the Dinaric Alps. Here, all the characteristic features are encountered again and again as one travels through this wild and underpopulated country. Limestone is a very porous rock, yet very hard and resistant to erosion. Water is the most important corrosive force, dissolving the limestone by chemical action of its natural acidity. As it percolates down through cracks in the limestone it opens up fissures and channels, often of considerable depth, so that whole systems of underground drainage develop. During subsequent millennia these work deeper, leaving in their wake enormous waterless caverns, sinkholes and grottoes and forming underground labyrinths of channels and shafts. The roofs of some of these caverns may eventually fall in, to produce great perpendicular-sided gorges, exposing the surface to the water once more.

The Dinaric rivers carved many canyons characteristic for Dinaric Alps, and in particular karst. Among the largest and most well known are the Neretva, the Rakitnica, the Prača, the Drina, the Sutjeska, the Vrbas, the Ugar, the Piva, the Tara, the Komarnica, the Morača, the Cem/Ciijevna, the Lim, and the Drin.

Only along the Dinaric gorges is communication possible across the Karst, and roads and railways tunnel through precipitous cliffs and traverse narrow ledges above roaring torrents. A number of springs and rivers rise in the Dinaric range, including Jadro Spring noted for having been the source of water for Diocletian's Palace at Split.[8] At the same time, the purity of these rocks is such that the rivers are crystal clear, and there is little soil-making residue. Water quality testing of the Jadro River, for example, indicates the low pollutant levels present.[9] Rock faces are often bare of vegetation and glaring white, but what little soil there is may collect in the hollows and support lush lime-tolerant vegetation, or yield narrow strips of cultivation.[citation needed]


Human activity


Ruins of fortresses dot the mountainous landscape, evidence of centuries of war and the refuge the Dinaric Alps have provided to various armed forces. During the Roman period, the Dinarides provided shelter to the Illyrians resisting Roman conquest of the Balkans, which began with the conquest of the eastern Adriatic coast in the 3rd century BC. Rome conquered the whole of Illyria in 168 BC, but these mountains sheltered Illyrian resistance forces for many years until the area's complete subjugation by 14 AD. More recently, the Ottoman Empire failed to fully subjugate the mountainous areas of Montenegro. In the 20th century, too, the mountains provided favourable terrain for guerrilla warfare, with Yugoslav Partisans organising one of the most successful Allied resistance movements of World War II.[citation needed]

The area remains underpopulated, and forestry and mining remain the chief economic activities in the Dinaric Alps. The people of the Dinaric Alps are on record as being the tallest in the world, with an average adolescent height of 185.6 cm (6 ft 1.1 in).[10] The people of Bosnia and Herzegovina have the highest recorded average of any single country, with 183.9 cm average for men and 172.72 cm for women.[11][12][13]


Mountain passes


The main mountain passes of the Dinaric Alps are:[14]


Tunnels


Major tunnels transversing the Dinaric Alps include:


Mountains and plateaus


Geomorphological subdivisions of Dinaric Alps
 Legend:  
A1: The area of the North Adriatic - the territory of Istria and the Kras area 
A2: Northern Adriatic - North Adriatic islands 
A3: Mountains of Dalmatia - Central mountain range 
A4: Dalmatian Mountains - Coastal Mountain Range 
A5: The mountains of southern Dalmatia and Mediterranean Herzegovina 
A6: The islands of Central and South Adriatic and Peljesac 
A7: Primorje Mountains of Montenegro 
A8: Coastal and Central Montenegro Mountains - Katunska karst flattening 
A9: Mountains of the Montenegrin Rudina 
A10/11: Mountains of Low Herzegovina 
B1: Group of Trnova herod 
B2: Snežnik and Gorski kotar plateaus 
B3: Notran plateau 
B4: Great Chapel (Velika Kapela)
B5: Massive Velebit 
B6: Little Chapel (Mala Kapela) and Lika Center 
B7: Massif Lička Plješivica (Plješevica) 
B8: Massive Dinara 
B9: Šator 
B10: Cincar 
B11: Klekovača (S) and Grmeč (N) 
B12: Raduša 
B13: Čvrsnica 
B14: Massive Prenj 
B15: High mountains of Herzegovina - Velež and Herzegovinian Rudine 
B16: Mountains of High Herzegovina - Mountain range of Crvanj-Lebršnik 
B17: Zelengora Group 
B18: Bioč-Maglic-Volujak Group 
B19: Vranica Group 
B20: Bjelašnica (Southern Sarajevo Mountains) 
B21: Mountain range Golija-Vojnik 
B22: Group Switches 
B23: Durmitor area 
B24: Sinjajevina 
B25: The Moravian-Fallen Mountains and Maganik 
B26: Ljubišnja 
B27: Massive Bjelasica 
B28: Komovi 
B29: Visitor 
B30: Kučke planine (Žijovo) 
B31: Albanian Alps 
C1: Group of Kočevski Rog 
C2: Žumberak / Gorjanci Group 
C3: Central and Eastern Bosnia Mountains - Vlašić Group 
C4: Central Bosnia Mountains 
C5: Eastern Bosnia Mountains 
C6: Central and Eastern Bosnia Mountains - Jahorina Group 
C7: Mountains of Stara Vlaha and Raska (Sandžak) - Polymers-Podrinje Group 
C8: Mountains of Stara Vlaha and Raška (Sandžak) - Zlatarsko-pešterska Group 
C9: Mountains of the Old Mountains - the central group 
C10: Mountains of Serbia - Podrinje-valjevo mountains 
C11: Pre-Dinaric Mountains: Kozara (NW) och Majevica (SE).
Geomorphological subdivisions of Dinaric Alps
Legend:
A1: The area of the North Adriatic - the territory of Istria and the Kras area
A2: Northern Adriatic - North Adriatic islands
A3: Mountains of Dalmatia - Central mountain range
A4: Dalmatian Mountains - Coastal Mountain Range
A5: The mountains of southern Dalmatia and Mediterranean Herzegovina
A6: The islands of Central and South Adriatic and Peljesac
A7: Primorje Mountains of Montenegro
A8: Coastal and Central Montenegro Mountains - Katunska karst flattening
A9: Mountains of the Montenegrin Rudina
A10/11: Mountains of Low Herzegovina
B1: Group of Trnova herod
B2: Snežnik and Gorski kotar plateaus
B3: Notran plateau
B4: Great Chapel (Velika Kapela)
B5: Massive Velebit
B6: Little Chapel (Mala Kapela) and Lika Center
B7: Massif Lička Plješivica (Plješevica)
B8: Massive Dinara
B9: Šator
B10: Cincar
B11: Klekovača (S) and Grmeč (N)
B12: Raduša
B13: Čvrsnica
B14: Massive Prenj
B15: High mountains of Herzegovina - Velež and Herzegovinian Rudine
B16: Mountains of High Herzegovina - Mountain range of Crvanj-Lebršnik
B17: Zelengora Group
B18: Bioč-Maglic-Volujak Group
B19: Vranica Group
B20: Bjelašnica (Southern Sarajevo Mountains)
B21: Mountain range Golija-Vojnik
B22: Group Switches
B23: Durmitor area
B24: Sinjajevina
B25: The Moravian-Fallen Mountains and Maganik
B26: Ljubišnja
B27: Massive Bjelasica
B28: Komovi
B29: Visitor
B30: Kučke planine (Žijovo)
B31: Albanian Alps
C1: Group of Kočevski Rog
C2: Žumberak / Gorjanci Group
C3: Central and Eastern Bosnia Mountains - Vlašić Group
C4: Central Bosnia Mountains
C5: Eastern Bosnia Mountains
C6: Central and Eastern Bosnia Mountains - Jahorina Group
C7: Mountains of Stara Vlaha and Raska (Sandžak) - Polymers-Podrinje Group
C8: Mountains of Stara Vlaha and Raška (Sandžak) - Zlatarsko-pešterska Group
C9: Mountains of the Old Mountains - the central group
C10: Mountains of Serbia - Podrinje-valjevo mountains
C11: Pre-Dinaric Mountains: Kozara (NW) och Majevica (SE).

The mountains and plateaus within the Dinarides are found in the following regions:


Albania



Bosnia and Herzegovina



Croatia



Italy



Kosovo



Montenegro



Serbia



Slovenia


  • Gorjanci
  • Kambreško and the Banjšice Plateau
  • The Trnovo Forest Plateau (Slovene: Trnovski gozd), Nanos, and Hrušica
  • Javornik Hills and Snežnik
  • Krim Hills and Menišija
  • Bloke
  • The Velika Mountain, Stojna and the Gotenica Mountain
  • The Mala Mountain, the Kočevski Rog and the Poljane Mountain
  • Dry Carniola and Dobrepolje
  • Radulja Hills

Notes


  1. The political status of Kosovo is disputed. Having unilaterally declared independence from Serbia in 2008, Kosovo is formally recognised as an independent state by 101 UN member states (with another 13 states recognising it at some point but then withdrawing their recognition) and 92 states not recognizing it, while Serbia continues to claim it as part of its own sovereign territory.

References


  1. "Dinaric". Oxford English Dictionary (Online ed.). Oxford University Press. (Subscription or participating institution membership required.)
  2. Profile, dictionary.reference.com; accessed 25 August 2015.
  3. "Visit Dinaric Alps".
  4. Korbar, Tvrtko (2009). "Orogenic evolution of the External Dinarides in the NE Adriatic region: A model constrained by tectonostratigraphy of Upper Cretaceous to Paleogene carbonates". Earth-Science Reviews. 96 (4): 296–312. Bibcode:2009ESRv...96..296K. doi:10.1016/j.earscirev.2009.07.004.
  5. Mladen Garasic; Davor Garasic (1 April 2015). "Speleogenesis in Dinaric karst area". EGU General Assembly Conference Abstracts. 17: 10058. Bibcode:2015EGUGA..1710058G.
  6. Vlahović, Igor; Tišljar, Josip; Velić, Ivo; Matičec, Dubravko (2005). "Evolution of the Adriatic Carbonate Platform: Palaeogeography, main events and depositional dynamics". Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology. 220 (3–4): 333–360. doi:10.1016/j.palaeo.2005.01.011.
  7. Schmid, Stefan M.; Bernoulli, Daniel; Fügenschuh, Bernhard; Matenco, Liviu; Schefer, Senecio; Schuster, Ralf; Tischler, Matthias; Ustaszewski, Kamil (2008). "The Alpine-Carpathian-Dinaridic orogenic system: Correlation and evolution of tectonic units" (PDF). Swiss Journal of Geosciences. 101: 139–183. doi:10.1007/s00015-008-1247-3. S2CID 55108896.
  8. "C.Michael Hogan, "Diocletian's Palace", A. Burnham ed, 6 October 2007". The Megalithic Portal. Retrieved 19 August 2012.
  9. Štambuk-Giljanović, Nives (2006). "The Pollution Load by Nitrogen and Phosphorus in the Jadro River". Environmental Monitoring and Assessment. 123 (1–3): 13–30. doi:10.1007/s10661-005-9066-8. PMID 17054013. S2CID 21572417.
  10. Pineau, JC; Delamarche, P; Bozinovic, S (24 May 2012). "Les Alpes Dinariques : un peuple de sujets de grande taille Average height of adolescents in the Dinaric Alps". Comptes Rendus Biologies. 328 (9): 841–6. doi:10.1016/j.crvi.2005.07.004. PMID 16168365. This study contributes to an update of average heights among European populations. Our investigation covering 2705 boys and 2842 girls aged 17 years, shows that, contrary to the general belief, adolescents of the Dinaric Alps are, on average, the tallest in Europe. With an average height of 185.6 cm, they are taller than Dutch adolescents (184 cm on average).
  11. Stevo Popović; Gabriela Doina Tanase; Duško Bjelica (2015). "Body Height and Arm Span in Bosnian and Herzegovinian Adults" (.pdf). mjssm.me. Montennegro Journal of Sports Sci. Medicine 4 (2015) 1: Original scientific paper. pp. 29–36. Retrieved 4 September 2016.
  12. "Countries with the Tallest Average Heights".
  13. "BiH na prvom mjestu liste zemalja s najvišim ljudima u svijetu".
  14. Summitpost. Dinaric Alps: Passes in the Dinaric Alps, Retrieved 19 November 2008
  15. Dinaric Alps, The Columbia Encyclopedia, 6th ed.



На других языках


[de] Dinarisches Gebirge

Das Dinarische Gebirge (auch als Dinarische Alpen oder Dinariden bezeichnet) gehört zu den jungalpidischen Faltengebirgen in Südosteuropa und ist ein Teilabschnitt des den Mittelmeerraum umspannenden Faltungsgürtels. Es erstreckt sich über 600 Kilometer entlang des Ostufers der Adria von den Julischen Alpen in Nordostitalien und Slowenien über Nordwest-Kroatien, Bosnien-Herzegowina, Südwest-Serbien und Montenegro bis nach Nordalbanien, wo es im Querriegel des Prokletije (Albanische Alpen) abschließt.
- [en] Dinaric Alps

[es] Alpes dináricos

Los Alpes dináricos o Dinárides (en italiano, Alpi Dinariche, en croata, Dinaridi o Dinarsko gorje, en serbio, Динариди o Динарско горје, en esloveno, Dinarsko gorstvo) forma una cadena montañosa en el sur de Europa, abarcando áreas de Albania, Bosnia-Herzegovina, Croacia, Eslovenia, Montenegro y Serbia.

[fr] Alpes dinariques

Les Alpes dinariques ou Dinarides sont un massif montagneux des Balkans occidentaux qui doivent leur nom au mont Dinara. Elles s'élèvent entre la plaine de Pannonie au nord-est et la mer Adriatique au sud-ouest, en plusieurs chaînes montagneuses orientées principalement selon un axe nord-ouest/sud-est, de la Slovénie au nord de l'Albanie où culmine leur plus haut sommet, à 2 692 mètres d'altitude : le Maja e Jezercës. Elles couvrent au total six pays reconnus internationalement, auxquels peut s'ajouter le Kosovo. La plus grande ville est Sarajevo, capitale de la Bosnie-Herzégovine. Trois climats distincts influencent le massif : méditerranéen à l'ouest, montagnard au centre, où le relief est le plus élevé, et continental à l'est.

[it] Alpi Dinariche

Le Alpi Dinariche (in croato Dinaridi o Dinarsko gorje; in serbo: Динариди? o Динарско горје; in albanese Malet Dinarike o Dinaret; in sloveno Dinarsko gorstvo) costituiscono una catena montuosa dell'Europa meridionale, che attraversa aree comprese fra Slovenia, Croazia, Bosnia ed Erzegovina, Serbia, Kosovo, Montenegro e Albania, interessando dunque l'entroterra della Dalmazia e parte della penisola balcanica. A dispetto del nome non rientrano in alcuna classificazione alpina, venendo considerate una catena montuosa a sé stante.

[ru] Динарское нагорье

Дина́рское наго́рье (также Динарские горы или Динариды (серб. Динариди, хорв. Dinaridi, словен. Dinaridi, босн. Dinaridi, черног. Динариди, алб. Malësia E Dignarit или Динарские Альпы) — горная система на северо-западе Балканского полуострова.



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