geo.wikisort.org - River

Zayanderud (Persian: Zāyanderud, from زاینده [zɑːjændɛ] "fertile" or "life giver", and رود [rʊːd] "river"), also spelled as Zayandeh-Rood or Zayanderood, is the largest river of the Iranian Plateau in central Iran.

Zayandeh River
Zayandeh Rud
Native name	Zayanderud (Persian)
Location
Country	Iran
Physical characteristics
Source
• location	Zagros Mountains
• elevation	3,974 m (13,038 ft)
Mouth
• location	Gavkhouni (endorheic)
• elevation	1,466 m (4,810 ft)
Length	400 km (249 mi)
Basin size	41,500 km2 (16,020 sq mi)
Discharge
• average	38 m3/s (1,300 cu ft/s)
Ramsar Wetland
Official name	Gavkhouni Lake and marshes of the lower Zaindeh Rud
Designated	23 June 1975
Reference no.	53[1]

Geography

The Zayandeh starts in the Zard-Kuh subrange of the Zagros Mountains in Chaharmahal and Bakhtiari Province. It flows 400 kilometres (249 mi) eastward before ending in the Gavkhouni swamp, a seasonal salt lake, southeast of Isfahan (Esfahan) city.

The Zayandeh used to have significant flow all year long, unlike many of Iran's rivers which are seasonal, but today runs dry due to water extraction before reaching the city of Esfahan. In the early 2010s, the lower reaches of the river dried out completely after several years of seasonal dry-outs.[2]

The Zayandeh River basin has an area of 41,500 square kilometres (16,000 sq mi), an altitude from 3,974 metres (13,038 ft) to 1,466 metres (4,810 ft), an average rain fall of 130 millimetres (5 in) and a monthly average temperature of 3 °C (37 °F) to 29 °C (84 °F). There are 2,700 square kilometres (1,000 sq mi) of irrigated land in the Zayandeh River basin, with water derived from the nine main hydraulic units of the Zayandeh River, wells, qanat and springs in lateral valleys. Zayandeh River water gave life to the people of central Iran mainly in Isfahan and Yazd provinces. Before the drying-out, water diverted per person was 240 litres (63 US gallons/53 imp gallons) per day in urban areas and 150 litres (40 US gallons/33 imp gallons) per day in villages.[3] In the 1970s, the flow of the river was estimated at 1.2 cubic kilometres (0.3 cu mi) per annum, or 38 cubic metres (1,340 cu ft) per second.[4]

History

People have lived on the banks of Zayandeh River for thousands of years. The earliest evidence of human occupation along the River is found in a cave site called Qaleh Bozi near Dizicheh at SW of Isfahan. More than 40,000 years ago, groups of Paleolithic hunters (Neanderthals) used Qaleh Bozi caves as shelter for seasonal or temporary occupations and left their stone tools and bones of hunted animals. An ancient prehistoric culture, the Zayandeh River Civilization, flourished along the banks of the Zayandeh in the 6th Millennium BC.

Zayandeh River crosses the city of Isfahan, a major cultural and economic center of Iran. In the 17th century, Shaikh Bahai (an influential scholar and adviser to the Safavid dynasty), designed and built a system of canals (maadi), to distribute Zayandeh water to Isfahan's suburbs. Water from the Zayandeh River helped the growth of the population and the economy, helped establish Isfahan as an influential center, and gave a green landscape to Isfahan, a city in the middle of a desert.

The Zayandeh river bed is spanned by many historical Safavid era bridges, and the river used to flow through many parks.

American archaeologists and historians of Persian art, Arthur Upham Pope and his wife Phyllis Ackerman are buried in a small mausoleum on the river bank.[5] Richard N. Frye (an American scholar of Iranian and Central Asian Studies) has also requested to be buried there.[6]

Water use and division

Until the 1960s in Isfahan Province the distribution of water followed the Tomar, a document claimed to date from the 16th Century. The Tomar divided the flow of the Zayandeh River into 33 parts which were then specifically allotted to the eight major districts within the region.[7] At the district level the water flow was divided either on a time basis, or by the use of variable weirs, so that the proportion could be maintained regardless of the height of the flow.[7]

For centuries Isfahan city had been an oasis settlement, noted for its surrounding fertile lands and prosperity. Until the 1960s industrial demand for water was minimal, which enabled the scarce water resources to be utilized primarily for agriculture. With a growing population within the basin, and rising standards of living particularly within the city, the pressure on water resources steadily increased until the division of water Tomar was no longer feasible. The creation of large steel works and other new industries demanded water.[4]

The Chadegan Reservoir dam project in 1972 was a major hydroelectric project to help with stabilizing water flow and generating electricity. The dam was initially named Shah Abbas Dam after Shah Abbas I, the most influential king of the Safavid dynasty, but it was changed to Zayandeh Dam after the Islamic revolution in 1979. Since 1972, the Chadegan Reservoir has helped prevent seasonal flooding of the Zayandeh River. Water discharge is increased during Persian New Year to allow the river to flow through Esfahan once more during the public holiday.

80% of the Zayandeh's extracted water is used for agriculture, 10% for human consumption (drinking and domestic needs of a population of 4.5 million), 7% for industry (like the Zobahan-e-Esfahan and Foolad Mobarekeh steel companies and Isfahan's petrochemical, refinery and power plants) and 3% for other uses. There have been a number of tunnel projects (Koohrang) to redirect water from the Karun River (Iran's largest river that also starts in the Zagros Mountains), to the Zayandeh. These have helped provide water for the growing population and new industries in both Isfahan and Yazd provinces.[8]

While the drying-out of the lower reaches of the Zayandeh River has been attributed to drought, the main reasons are man-made. Poor planning and populist politics have led to years of mismanagement and overuse which resulted in seasonal dry-outs and ultimately caused the river to dry out completely before reaching Isfahan.^{[citation needed]}

Bridges

There are several new and old bridges (pol) over the Zayandeh River. The oldest, Shahrestan, built in the 5th century AD, is still in use as a pedestrian crossing in Sharestan village.

Bridges on Zayandeh River in City of Esfahan:

Marnan Bridge Built in 1599 (pedestrian) Vahid Bridge Built in 1976 Vahid Bridge II Built in 2007 Felezi Bridge Built in the 1950s Azar Bridge Built in 1976 Si-o-se Pol Built in 1632 (pedestrian) Ferdosi Bridge Built in the 1980s

Joui Bridge Built in the 17th century (pedestrian) Khaju Bridge Built in 1650 (pedestrian) Bozorgmehr Bridge Built in the 1970s Ghadir Bridge Built in 2000 Shahrestan bridge Built in the 11th century (foundations back to the 5th century AD) (pedestrian)

Recreation

In the section of the Zayandeh River crossing Esfahan, bridges, parks, paddle boats and traditional cafes and restaurants amongst the rest of Esfahan rich cultural heritage, are major tourist attractions for Iranian as well as international visitors.

References

Further reading

• Erdbrink, Thomas (2015-05-05). "The Empty River of Life (Published 2015)". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331[1]

External links

На других языках

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[de] Zayandeh Rud

Der Zayandeh oder Zayandeh Rud (persisch زاینده‌رود; Zayandeh ‚lebenspendend‘ und Rud ‚Fluss‘) ist ein Fluss, der durch Isfahan im Iran fließt.

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- [en] Zayanderud

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[es] Río Zayandeh

El río Zayandeh, o Zāyandé-Rud o Zāyanderūd (en persa, زاینده رود‎, del زاینده, «dador de vida» y de رود, «río»), también transcrito como Zayandeh-Rood o Zayanderood, es el río más grande de la meseta central de Irán, que nace en la provincia de Chahar Mahal y Bajtiarí y discurre casi íntegramente por la provincia de Isfahán. Tiene una longitud de unos 400 km y drena una cuenca de 41 500 km², similar a países como Países Bajos (132.º) o Suiza (133.º).

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[it] Zaiandè

Lo.mw-parser-output .chiarimento{background:#ffeaea;color:#444444}.mw-parser-output .chiarimento-apice{color:red} Zaiandè (italianizzato)[senza fonte], Zāyandé-Rūd o Zāyanderūd (Persiano: زاینده رود, da زاینده [zɑːjændɛ] “apportatore di vita” e رود [rʊːd] “fiume”), chiamato anche Zayandeh-Rood o Zayanderood, è il più largo fiume dell'altopiano iranico nell'Iran centrale.

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[ru] Зайендеруд

Зайендеруд[1][2] (перс. زاینده‌رود‎ — «река, дающая жизнь») — река в Иране протяжённостью 400 км.

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