Among the longest rivers of Canada are 47 streams of at least 600km (370mi). In the case of some rivers such as the Columbia, the length listed in the table below is solely that of the main stem. In the case of others such as the Mackenzie, it is the combined lengths of the main stem and one or more upstream tributaries, as noted. Excluded from the list are rivers such as the Dauphin, a short connecting link between lakes Manitoba and Winnipeg, with main stems of 100km (62mi) or less. Also excluded are rivers such as the Mississippi, the main stems of which do not enter Canada even though some of their tributaries do.
Nine rivers in this list cross international boundaries or form them. Four—the Yukon, Columbia, Porcupine, and Kootenay—begin in Canada and flow into the United States. Five—the Milk, Pend d'Oreille, Saint Lawrence, Red, and Saint John—begin in the United States and flow into Canada. Of these, the Milk and the Kootenay cross the international border twice, the Milk leaving and then re-entering the United States, the Kootenay leaving and then re-entering Canada.[1] The drainage basins of these nine rivers extend into both countries; in addition, the drainage basins of six others—the Fraser, Assiniboine, South Saskatchewan, Saskatchewan, Nelson, and Winnipeg—extend into the United States even though their main stems flow entirely within Canada.
Sources report hydrological quantities with varied precision. Biologist and author Ruth Patrick, describing a table of high-discharge rivers, wrote that data on discharge, drainage area, and length varied widely among authors whose works she consulted. "It seems," she said, "that the wisest course is to regard data tables such as the present one as showing the general ranks of rivers, and not to place too much importance on minor (10–20%) differences in figures."[2]
Table
The primary source for data in the table below is The Atlas of Canada; other sources are as noted. Discharge refers to the flow at the mouth except as noted. U.S. states appear in italics. Abbreviations are as follows: "km" for "kilometre", "mi" for "mile", "s" for "second", "m" for "metre", and "ft" for "foot".
Split between 690,900 square kilometres (266,800sqmi), about 77percent, in Canada and 201,400 square kilometres (77,800sqmi), about 23percent, in the United States. The totals for the two countries were derived by adding the U.S. watershed subtotals for the Assiniboine, Red, Winnipeg, and Saskatchewan rivers, which feed into the Nelson.[7]
Derived by adding the length of the Peace River (measured from its mouth to the headwaters of the Finlay River) to the length of the main stem of the Slave River.[7]
About 801km (498mi), 40percent of the total, are in Canada.[7]
Split between 102,800km2 (39,700mi2) (about 15percent) in Canada and 568,500km2 (219,500mi2) (about 85percent) in the United States.[7]
Split between 144,300km2 (55,700sqmi) (about 99percent) in Canada and 1,800km2 (690sqmi) (about 1percent) in the United States.[7]
Split between 232,300km2 (89,700sqmi) (about 99.7percent) in Canada and 800km2 (310sqmi) (about 0.3percent) in the United States.[7]
Rivers of North America lists a basin size of 154,880 square kilometres (59,800sqmi), but this includes Lake Athabasca, the Peace–Athabasca Delta, and the basins of the Fond du Lac River and some of the other streams flowing into the lake.[26]
Split between 160,600km2 (62,000mi2) (about 88percent) in Canada and 21,400km2 (8,300mi2) (about 12percent) in the United States.[7]
According to the Milk River Watershed Council, a 180-km (110mi) stretch of the river flows through Canada. This amounts to about 18percent of the river's total length.[32]
Split between 21,600km2 (8,300mi2) (about 35percent) in Canada and 39,600km2 (15,300mi2) (about 65percent) in the United States.[7]
Based on data from the years 1968–69, 73, and 75–84 at Hat Island,[35] about 200 kilometres (120mi) from the mouth. Distance from mouth estimated with a measurement tool embedded in The Atlas of Canada topographic maps.[4]
This is the mean discharge for a point about 100 kilometres (62mi) from the mouth rather than at the mouth.[50]
Measured by a gauge at the outlet of Marjorie Lake, about 50 kilometres (31mi) from the mouth. Flow derived by converting km3/yr to m3/s.[52] Distance from mouth estimated with a measurement tool embedded in The Atlas of Canada topographic maps.[4]
Split between 106,500 square kilometres (41,100sqmi) in Canada, about 78percent, and 29,300 square kilometres (11,300sqmi), about 22percent, in the United States.[7]
Split between 37,700 square kilometres (14,600sqmi), about 52percent, in Canada and 12,600 square kilometres (4,900sqmi), about 48percent, in the United States.
Split between 61,400 square kilometres (23,700sqmi) in Canada, about 52percent, and 56,500 square kilometres (21,800sqmi), about 48percent, in the United States.[7]
To the head of the Silver Bow Creek. Length derived by adding the distance from the mouth to the head of Pend Oreille Lake, shown on topo maps as about 220 kilometres (140mi)[66] to the length (about 480 kilometres (300mi) of the Clark Fork River and its headwater tributary, Silver Bow Creek.[67] Of this total, only 22km (14mi), about 3percent, are in Canada.[68]
Split between 1,600 square kilometres (620sqmi) in Canada, about 2percent, and 65,000 square kilometres (25,000sqmi), about 98percent, in the United States.[68]
Measured by a gauge below the Carnwath River, about 150 kilometres (93mi) from the Anderson River mouth. Flow derived by converting km3/yr to m3/s.[52] Distance from mouth estimated with a measurement tool embedded in The Atlas of Canada topographic maps.[4]
Split between 35,000 square kilometres (14,000sqmi) (about 63percent) in Canada and 19,700 square kilometres (7,600sqmi) (about 37percent) in the United States.[7]
Patrick, Ruth (1995). Rivers of the United States: Volume II: Chemical and Physical Characteristics. New York: John Wiley & Sons. p.24. ISBN0-471-10752-2.
SAGE: Center for Sustainability and the Global Environment (February 13, 2010). "Severn". River Discharge Database. University of Wisconsin. Archived from the original on July 23, 2011. Retrieved May 23, 2011.
"Severn River, Ontario". The Atlas of Canada. Natural Resources Canada. Archived from the original on October 10, 2012. Retrieved May 22, 2011.
SAGE: Center for Sustainability and the Global Environment (February 13, 2010). "Severn". River Discharge Database. University of Wisconsin. Archived from the original on July 23, 2011. Retrieved May 23, 2011.
Dymond, J.R.; Scott, W.B. (November 21, 1941). "Fishes of the Patricia Portion of the Kenora District, Ontario". Copeia. American Society of Ichthyologists and Herpetologists. 1941 (4): 243. doi:10.2307/1437471. JSTOR1437471.
"Back River, Nunavut". The Atlas of Canada. Natural Resources Canada. Archived from the original on June 8, 2011. Retrieved May 4, 2011.
Marsh, James. "Back River". The Canadian Encyclopedia. Historica Dominion Institute. Archived from the original on June 8, 2011. Retrieved May 3, 2011.
"Thelon River, Nunavut". The Atlas of Canada. Natural Resources Canada. Retrieved May 5, 2011.[permanent dead link]
"La Grande Rivière"(in French). Gouvernement du Québec. Retrieved May 16, 2011.
"Red River". The Atlas of Canada. Natural Resources Canada. Archived from the original on July 6, 2011. Retrieved January 17, 2011.
"Rivière Rupert". The Atlas of Canada. Natural Resources Canada. Archived from the original on July 1, 2012. Retrieved May 26, 2011.
"Rivière Eastmain". The Atlas of Canada. Natural Resources Canada. Archived from the original on July 7, 2012. Retrieved May 26, 2011.
"Attawapiskat River, Ontario". The Atlas of Canada. Natural Resources Canada.{{cite web}}: Missing or empty |url= (help)
SAGE: Center for Sustainability and the Global Environment (February 13, 2010). "Attawapiskat". River Discharge Database. University of Wisconsin. Archived from the original on July 23, 2011. Retrieved May 23, 2011.
"Kazan River, Nunavut". The Atlas of Canada. Natural Resources Canada.{{cite web}}: Missing or empty |url= (help)
"Pelly River, Yukon". The Atlas of Canada. Natural Resources Canada. April 2, 2004. Archived from the original on October 6, 2012. Retrieved May 18, 2011.
Works cited
Benke, Arthur C., ed., and Cushing, Colbert E., ed. Rivers of North America. Burlington, Massachusetts: Elsevier Academic Press. ISBN0-12-088253-1.
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