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Mount Spil (Turkish: Spil Dağı), the ancient Mount Sipylus (Ancient Greek: Σίπυλος) (elevation 1,513 m or 4,964 ft), is a mountain rich in legends and history in Manisa Province, Turkey, in what used to be the heartland of the Lydians and what is now Turkey's Aegean Region.

Mount Spil
Mount Sipylus
The "Weeping Rock" associated with Niobe on Mount Sipylus
Highest point
Elevation1,513 m (4,964 ft)see section
Coordinates38°34′02″N 27°27′17″E
Geography
Mount Spil
Manisa, Turkey
Geology
Mountain typeShield volcano

Its summit towers over the modern city of Manisa as well as over the road between İzmir and Manisa. The contiguous mass of Mount Yamanlar, also overlooking the Gulf of İzmir, has often been considered an extension of the Mount Sipylus massif, with which it shares much history, although it is actually an extinct volcano and a distinct geographical formation.


History


The Manisa relief, a full-faced statue carved into a cliff face, is found near Mount Sipylus, several kilometers east of Manisa. It is traditionally identified as Cybele and dated to the late Hittite or Luwian period in late second millennium BCE. The sculpture is known as Taş Suret in Turkish (meaning "Stone Figure") and sometimes also referred to as such in international literature. The mountain was considered a favorite haunt of the mother goddess. According to an old myth, the sculpture was carved by Broteas, Tantalus' ugly son.

According to the Byzantine commentator John the Lydian, the unknown author of the 7th-century BCE epic poem, the Titanomachy, placed the birth of Zeus not in Crete but in Lydia, which should signify Mount Sipylus.

The names "Sipylus" or "Sipylum" are mentioned by Pliny the Elder, supported by other sources, as the site of a very celebrated city called "Tantalis"[1] or "the city of Tantalus", after the name of its founder. Presumably located on or very near the mountain, the city's ruins were reportedly still visible around the beginning of the Common Era.[2]

The same Tantalus is famed throughout Greek mythology thanks to the accounts that he had cut up his son Pelops and served him up as food for the gods. His son Pelops is said to have later migrated to the Peloponnese, named after him, and to have founded a kingdom there. Tantalus' daughter was the tragic Niobe, who is associated with the "Weeping Rock" (Ağlayan Kaya in Turkish), a natural formation facing the city of Manisa. The Greek deities Apollo and Artemis were said to have killed all 14 children of Niobe at Mount Sipylus, whereupon the grief-stricken Niobe was turned to stone.[3][4][5]

Later in ancient times, Mount Sipylus (Ancient Greek: Σίπυλος) rose above the site of Magnesia ad Sipylum (the southern portion of modern Manisa), whose existence is traced back as far as the 5th century BCE. Magnesia was located along the Hermus River (Gediz River) on the plain below and was the scene of the defeat of Antiochus III "the Great" by the Romans at the Battle of Magnesia in 190 BCE. The city of Smyrna lay nearby.


Spil today


An important reforestation effort was begun in the 1960s, covering thousands of hectares on and around the mountain.[6] Since then, Spil Dağı National Park has attracted many foreign and domestic tourists. The famous "Weeping Rock" is still widely visited.

The mountain as a whole presents an area of dense forests and is known for its wild tulips. The mountain is also a common spot for camping, parachuting, hiking and other mountain sports.[citation needed]

The motorway connecting the two regional metropolitan centers, İzmir and Manisa, crosses between the two neighboring masses of Mount Sipylus and Mount Yamanlar through the Sabuncubeli Pass, which was much described by ancient travellers and writers and which descends from an altitude of 600 m to sea-level in only a few kilometers. The highest point of the pass corresponds to a point near the boundary between İzmir Province and Manisa Province. To bypass the steep and twisted Sabuncubeli Pass, the 6,480-metre (21,260 ft)-long Sabuncubeli Tunnel was built from 2011 to 2018.[7][8][9]


Footnotes


  1. George Perrot (2007). History of Art in Phrygia, Lydia, Caria and Lycia (in French and English). Marton Press. p. 62. ISBN 978-1-4067-0883-7.
  2. James George Frazer (2010) [1900-1913-1965]. Pausanias, and other Greek sketches, later retitled Pausanias's Description of Greece. Kessinger Publishing Company. ISBN 978-1-4286-4922-4.
  3. Pseudo-Apollodorus, Bibliotheke, iii.46.
  4. Quintus Smyrnaeus, i.390ff Theoi.com on-line quotation
  5. Ovid, Metamorphoses VI.145–310.
  6. George Maxim Anossov Hanfmann; Jane C. Waldba (1975). A survey of Sardis and the major monuments outside the city walls. Harvard University Press. p. 171. ISBN 978-0674857513.
  7. Kuşen, Mustafa (2013-07-17). "Sabuncubeli Tüneli uzatılınca açılışı 2016 sonuna kaldı". Zaman (in Turkish). Archived from the original on 2014-04-19. Retrieved 2014-04-18.
  8. "Sabuncubeli Tüneli Ranta mı Dönüşüyor?". Manisa Manşet (in Turkish). 2013-07-19. Archived from the original on 2014-04-19. Retrieved 2014-04-18.
  9. "İzmir-Manisa arasını 15 dakikaya indiren Sabuncubeli Tünelleri ulaşıma açıldı". TRT Haber (in Turkish). 2018-06-11. Archived from the original on 2018-07-15.

References


Wikimedia Commons has media related to Mount Sipylus.



На других языках

- [en] Mount Sipylus

[es] Sípilo

El monte Sípilo (en turco, Spil Dağı) es una montaña situada cerca de la ciudad turca de Manisa. Además de la ciudad de Manisa, también se eleva sobre la carretera que la conecta con Esmirna. El cercano monte Yamanlar, situado sobre el golfo de Esmirna, es en realidad un volcán extinguido con un lago de cráter en la cima y una formación geológica distintiva. A veces se considera una prolongación del macizo del monte Sipilo, e incluso se conoce como "Sípilo del Oeste".

[fr] Mont Sipylos

Le mont Sipylos, parfois francisé en Sipyle (en grec ancien Σίπυλος), aujourd'hui le Spil Dağı, est une montagne de Turquie qui s'élève dans la province de Manisa et domine la ville de Manisa (l'antique Magnésie du Sipyle) ainsi que la route qui relie Manisa à İzmir (l'antique Smyrne). Il culmine à 1 513 mètres d'altitude. Le mont Sipylos se trouve non loin du mont Yamanlar (en turc Yamanlar Dağı).

[it] Sipylos

Il Sipylos (in greco antico: Σίπυλος) nella geografia antica era un massiccio della Lidia. Si trovava a sud dell'Hermos, oggi Gediz, e a nord di Smirne. In particolare, con il nome di Sipylos si chiamava l'odierno Spil Dağı, situato a oriente, ma anche l'occidentale Yamanlar Dağı era considerato parte del massiccio. A nord di esso giaceva Magnesia ad Sipylum, oggi Manisa. Sul Sipylos c'era il lago Saloë, che aveva inghiottito la città di Sipylos e quella sita lì prima di questa, Tantalis, la città del mitico malfattore Tantalo[1]. Questo lago è identificato con il Karagöl ("lago nero"), un lago craterico sulla cima dello Yamanlar Dağı.

[ru] Маниса (гора)

Мани́са[3][1][2] (тур. Manisa Dağı, Spil Dağı) — гора в Турции, в илах Маниса и Измир. В древности известна как Си́пил[4][5] (др.-греч. Σίπῠλος). Отрог гор Боздаглар, в древности известных как Тмол[6][7][8] (Τμῶλος). Упоминается Гомером[9]. Фигурирует во многих легендах и исторических сказаниях лидийцев, которые считали её «сердцем» своей страны (ныне — Эгейский регион). На склоне горы находился древний город Магнесия у Сипила[10][11], в настоящее время на его месте находится Маниса.


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