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Mount Nemrut or Nemrud (Turkish: Nemrut Dağı; Kurdish: Çiyayê Nemrûdê; Armenian: Նեմրութ լեռ; Greek: Όρος Νεμρούτ) is a 2,134-metre-high (7,001 ft) mountain in southeastern Turkey, notable for the summit where a number of large statues are erected around what is assumed to be a royal tomb from the 1st century BC. It is one of the highest peaks in the east of the Taurus Mountains.

For the volcano, see Nemrut (volcano).
Mount Nemrut
Highest point
Elevation2,134 m (7,001 ft)
Coordinates37°58′54″N 38°44′28″E
Geography
Mount Nemrut
UNESCO World Heritage Site
Official nameNemrut Dağ
CriteriaCultural: i, iii, iv
Reference448
Inscription1987 (11th Session)
Area11 ha

It was added to the UNESCO World Heritage Site in 1987. The entry states:[1]

The mausoleum of Antiochus I (69–34 B.C.), who reigned over Commagene, a kingdom founded north of Syria and the Euphrates after the breakup of Alexander's empire, is one of the most ambitious constructions of the Hellenistic period. The syncretism of its pantheon, and the lineage of its kings, which can be traced back through two sets of legends, Greek and Persian, is evidence of the dual origin of this kingdom's culture.


Location and description


Some of the statues near the peak of Mount Nemrut
Some of the statues near the peak of Mount Nemrut

The mountain lies 40 km (25 mi) north of Kahta, near Adıyaman. In 62 BC, King Antiochus I Theos of Commagene built on the mountain top a tomb-sanctuary flanked by huge statues 8–9-metre high (26–30 ft) of himself, two lions, two eagles, and various composite Greek and Iranian gods, such as Heracles-Artagnes-Ares, Zeus-Oromasdes, and Apollo-Mithras-Helios-Hermes.[2][3] When constructing this pantheon, Antiochus drew heavily from Parthian and Armenian traditions in order to reinvigorate the religion of his ancestral dynasty.[4] The statues were once seated, with names of each god inscribed on them. At some point the heads of the statues were removed from their bodies, and they are now scattered throughout the site.

The pattern of damage to the heads (notably to noses) suggests that they were deliberately damaged as a result of iconoclasm. The statues have not been restored to their original places. The site also preserves stone slabs with bas-relief figures that are thought to have formed a large frieze. These slabs, or stelae, depict Antiochus' Greek and Persian ancestors.[5][6]

The same statues and ancestors found throughout the site can also be found on the tumulus at the site, which is 49 metres (161 ft) tall and 152 m (499 ft) in diameter. It is possible that the tumulus of loose rock was devised to protect a tomb from robbers, since any excavation would quickly fill in.[7] The statues appear to have Greek-style faces, but Persian clothing and hair-styling.

The Lion with the Stars
The Lion with the Stars

The western terrace contains a large slab with a lion, showing an arrangement of stars and the planets Jupiter, Mercury, and Mars. The composition was taken to be a chart of the sky on 7 July 62 BCE.[8] This may be an indication of when construction began on this monument. The eastern portion is well preserved, being composed of several layers of rock, and a path following the base of the mountain is evidence of a walled passageway linking the eastern and western terraces. Possible uses for this site are thought to have included religious ceremonies, owing to the astronomical and religious nature of the monument.

The arrangement of such statues is known by the term hierothesion. Similar arrangements have been found at Arsameia on Nymphaios at the hierothesion of Antiochus' father, Mithridates I Callinicus.


Ancient history


The religious sanctuary established in Mount Nemrut was part of Antiochus' political program to revive the Persian traditions of Commagene. In order to do so, he merged and adjusted the political and religious traditions of Cappadocia, Pontus, and Armenia.[9]

Following the practice of the Mithridatic rulers of Pontus, Antiochus stressed his descent from the Achaemenids and Seleucids, and also claimed the royal legacy of Armenia. One of the essential parts of this identity was the then newly established Greco-Iranian pantheon, which was worshipped at specific sanctuaries in Commagene.[9]


Modern history


The site was excavated in 1881 by Karl Sester [de], a German engineer assessing transport routes for the Ottomans. After her first visit in 1947, Theresa Goell dedicated her life to the site, starting campaigns in 1954. Subsequent excavations have failed to reveal the tomb of Antiochus. This is nevertheless still believed to be the site of his burial. The statues, all of them "beheaded", have not been restored to their original condition.


World Heritage Site


In 1987, Mount Nemrut was made a World Heritage Site by UNESCO.[10] Tourists typically visit Nemrut during April through October. The nearby town of Adıyaman is a popular place for car and bus trips to the site, and one can also travel from there by helicopter. There are also overnight tours running out of Malatya or Kahta.[11]




See also



References


  1. "Nemrut Dağ". whc.unesco.org. Retrieved 30 October 2021.
  2. Widengren 1986, pp. 135–136.
  3. Shayegan 2016, p. 13.
  4. Canepa 2020, p. 203; “Antiochus looked to contemporary Parthian and, especially, Armenian traditions, to design his pantheon and reinvigorate his ancestral religion.”
  5. Goell, Bachmann & Sanders 1996, p. 3.
  6. Spawforth, Eidinow & Hornblower 2014, p. 542.
  7. Hewsen, Robert H. (2001). Armenia: A historical Atlas. p. 42.
  8. Neugebauer, O.; van Hoessen, H.B. (1959). "Greek horoscopes". Memoirs of the American Philosophical Society. Philadelphia. XLVIII: 14–16.
    The authors chose that date in preference to 23 July 49 BCE preferred by other researchers; see
    Belmonte, Juan Antonio; Gonzales-Garcia, A. César (2010). "Antiochos's hierothesion at Nemrud Dag revisited: Adjusting the date in the light of astronomical evidence" (PDF). J. Hist. Astronomy. 41.
  9. Canepa 2020, pp. 202–203.
  10. Giorgio Lollino; Andrea Manconi; Fausto Guzzetti; Martin Culshaw; Peter Bobrowsky; Fabio Luino, eds. (2014). Engineering Geology for Society and Territory - Volume 5: Urban Geology, Sustainable Planning and Landscape Exploitation (illustrated ed.). Springer. p. 45. ISBN 9783319090481.
  11. Patricia Erfurt-Cooper, ed. (2014). Volcanic Tourist Destinations; Geoheritage, Geoparks and Geotourism (illustrated ed.). Springer Science & Business Media. p. 93. ISBN 9783642161919.

Sources




Wikimedia Commons has media related to Mount Nemrut.

На других языках

[de] Nemrut Dağı (Adıyaman)

Der Nemrut Dağı, auch Nemrut Dağ oder Nemrud Dağı (armenisch Նեմրութ .mw-parser-output .Latn{font-family:"Akzidenz Grotesk","Arial","Avant Garde Gothic","Calibri","Futura","Geneva","Gill Sans","Helvetica","Lucida Grande","Lucida Sans Unicode","Lucida Grande","Stone Sans","Tahoma","Trebuchet","Univers","Verdana"}Nemrut, kurdisch Çiyayê Nemrûdê), ist ein Berg im Südosten der Türkei, unweit des Oberlaufs des Euphrat. Er gehört zum Taurusgebirge und liegt 86 Kilometer nordöstlich von Adıyaman in der gleichnamigen Provinz. Er ist mit 2150 Metern[1] Höhe eine der höchsten Erhebungen des nördlichen Mesopotamiens. Die Region wurde 1988 zum Nationalpark erklärt.
- [en] Mount Nemrut

[es] Monte Nemrut

El monte Nemrut o monte Nemrud (en turco, Nemrut Dağ o Nemrut Dağı, en armenio, Նեմրութ լեռ) es una montaña de 2150 m de altitud del sureste de Turquía, conocida por las estatuas pertenecientes a una tumba del siglo I a. C. que se encuentra en la cima. La montaña se encuentra a 40 km al norte de Kahta, cerca de Adıyaman. En el año 62 a. C., el rey Antíoco I Theos de Comagene mandó construir un túmulo funerario en la cima de la montaña flanqueado por enormes estatuas (8-9 metros de altura) de sí mismo, dos leones, dos águilas y diferentes dioses armenios, griegos y persas, como Hércules, Zeus-Oromasdes (asociado al dios persa Ahura Mazda), Tique y Apolo-Mitra. Estas estatuas se encontraban sentadas y con los nombres de cada dios inscritos en ellas. Ahora, las cabezas de las estatuas están esparcidas por el suelo; los daños en las cabezas (especialmente las narices) sugieren que se produjeron de forma deliberada por parte de iconoclastas. También se conservan losas de piedra con figuras en bajorrelieve que se piensa formaron parte de un gran friso. En ellas aparecen los antepasados de Antíoco, que eran armenios.

[fr] Nemrut Dağı

Le Nemrut Dağı ou Nemrut Dağ (en français : mont Nemrud ou mont Nemrod) est une montagne de l'Anti-Taurus qui culmine à 2 203 mètres d'altitude. Situé dans la partie méridionale de l'Anatolie centrale, au nord de la frontière syrienne, le Nemrut Dağı domine la vallée de l'Euphrate, et la principale ville turque d'Adıyaman.

[it] Nemrut Dağı

Il Monte Nemrut (in Turco: Nemrut Dağı; Curdo: Çiyayê Nemrûdê; Armeno: Նեմրութ լեռ)è un rilievo della Turchia appartenente al gruppo del Tauro Orientale ed è, con i suoi 2150 m s.l.m., il più alto della Mesopotamia settentrionale.

[ru] Немрут-Даг (гора)

Немрут-Даг (Немрут, Немруд, тур. Nemrut Dağ или Nemrut Dağı, греч. Όρος Νεμρούτ, арм. Նեմրութ լեռ, перс. کوه نمرود‎, курд. Çiyayê Nemrûd) — гора на юго-востоке Турции в Таврских горах в иле Адыяман. Высота 2150 метров над уровнем моря.


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