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Manam, known locally as Manam Motu, is an island located in the Bismarck Sea across the Stephan Strait from Yawar on the northeast coast of mainland Papua New Guinea's Bogia District. The island is 10 kilometers wide, and was created by the activity of the Manam Volcano, one of the country’s most active. It was evacuated in 2004 and its residents resettled elsewhere in Papua New Guinea, but many have begun to return despite concerns of future volcanic activity. Manam is erupting again as of May 2022. [4]

Manam
Manam Volcano
Highest point
Elevation1,807 m (5,928 ft)[1]
Prominence1,807 m (5,928 ft)[2]
ListingUltra
Coordinates4°04′39″S 145°02′21″E[2]
Geography
Manam
Location off the coast of New Guinea
LocationNortheast of New Guinea,
Papua New Guinea
Geology
Mountain typeStratovolcano
Last eruption2010 to 2022 (ongoing)[3]

Geology


Large ash plume From Manam Volcano, November 2004
Large ash plume From Manam Volcano, November 2004

Manam is a basaltic-andesitic stratovolcano, and despite remarkably symmetrical lower flanks has four distinct valleys, locally known as "avalanche valleys" due to their ability to focus avalanches and particularly pyroclastic flows generated at the summit. These valleys represent the highest-risk areas during eruptions, and, when the island was inhabited, were typically the first areas to be evacuated during heightened activity. The earliest documented eruption of Manam was in 1616.[1]


History


The first recorded sighting by Europeans of Manam Island was by the Spanish navigator Iñigo Órtiz de Retes on 5 August 1545 when on board of the carrack San Juan tried to return from Tidore to New Spain.[5]


Eruptions and hazards


Sulfur dioxide cloud released by the January 27, 2005 eruption of Manam, as measured by the OMI aboard NASA's Aura satellite.
Sulfur dioxide cloud released by the January 27, 2005 eruption of Manam, as measured by the OMI aboard NASA's Aura satellite.

Thirteen local residents were killed during an eruption on 3 December 1996, when pyroclastic flows reached the village of Budua.[citation needed]

In November 2004, a major eruption forced the emergency evacuation of over 9,000 inhabitants of the island. The eruption began October 24 but was not seen as a major threat until the wind changed pushing ash and debris towards inhabited areas. Five people died during the eruption. On December 11, the threat was downgraded due to a reduction in activity. There have been significant problems at Bogia on the mainland where the evacuees resettled in camps at Mangem, Asarumba and Potsdam.[6]

In March 2007 the government of Papua New Guinea made a large area of land available for permanent resettlement of displaced islanders at Andarum near Bogia. Also in March 2007, three people were killed by mudslides on the northern part of the island. As of 2014, at least 2000-3000 people have returned to the island despite continued government concerns for their safety.[citation needed]

Map of Manama and adjacent coast
Map of Manama and adjacent coast

On March 8, 2022, the volcano erupted, sending a column of ash 15 km into the atmosphere. The eruption was confirmed by the Volcanic Ash Advisory Center in Darwin, Australia.[7]


Residents


Manam Islanders have their own language called Manam Pile (literally "Manam talk"), which is spoken on Manam and the nearby Boisa Islands. Manam islanders have a reputation in Papua New Guinea for musicianship and have produced several locally renowned musicians.[citation needed]


See also



References


  1. "Manam". Global Volcanism Program. Smithsonian Institution.
  2. "Papua New Guinea Ultra-Prominence Page" Peaklist.org. Retrieved 2012-01-13.
  3. "Manam volcano". 19 Feb 2018.
  4. Manam Volcano, Papua New Guinea, NASA Earth Observatory May 30, 2022
  5. Coello, Francisco "Conflicto hispano-alemán" Boletín de Sociedad Geográfica de Madrid, t.XIX. 2º semestre 1885, Madrid, p.317.
  6. "Starving Manam Islanders at Care Centres Speak Out". EM TV Online. 8 Feb 2016.[permanent dead link]
  7. "Large eruption occurs in Papua New Guinea; no tsunami in Japan". Kyodo News. Tokyo, Japan. 8 March 2022. Retrieved 8 March 2022.



На других языках


[de] Manam

Manam, von Einheimischen Manam Motu genannt, ist eine bewohnte Insel in der Bismarck-See und durch die Stephan Strait von der Nordküste der Insel Neuguinea getrennt. Während der deutschen Kolonialzeit war die Insel auch unter den Namen Hansainsel oder Vulkaninsel bekannt.[1]
- [en] Manam Motu

[fr] Manam (Papouasie-Nouvelle-Guinée)

Manam ou Manam Motu est une île volcanique de Papouasie-Nouvelle-Guinée. L'île fait 10 kilomètres de diamètre et se situe à 13 kilomètres au large des côtes de l'île de Nouvelle-Guinée, dans la province de Madang. Avec 45 épisodes éruptifs recensés depuis 1616, le volcan constituant l'île est l'un des plus actifs de Papouasie-Nouvelle-Guinée[1]. En 2005, la population est estimée à 9 000 habitants. Lors d'une importante activité éruptive en janvier 2005, l'île est entièrement évacuée et les habitants sont déplacés sur les côtes de la province de Madang. Une partie de cette population se réinstalle sur l'île par la suite[2].

[it] Manam

Manam (nota anche come Manumudar o Volcan island) è un'isola vulcanica di Papua Nuova Guinea.

[ru] Манам

Остров Манам (англ. Manam Island), иногда Манум (англ. Manum) — вулканический остров в Новогвинейскоом море, принадлежащий Папуа — Новой Гвинее. Является активным стратовулканом. Остров имеет форму окружности диаметром 10 км. Площадь острова — 83 км². Административно входит в состав провинции Маданг региона Момасе.



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