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Pico Bolívar is the highest mountain in Venezuela, at 4,978 metres (16,332 ft).[1] Located in Mérida State, its top is permanently covered with névé snow and three small glaciers. It can be reached only by walking; the Mérida cable car, which was the highest and longest cable car in the world when it was built, only reaches Pico Espejo. From there it is possible to climb to Pico Bolívar. The peak is named after the Venezuelan independence hero Simón Bolívar.

Pico Bolívar
Peak Bolívar during snow season
Highest point
Elevation4,978 m (16,332 ft)[1]
Prominence3,957 m (12,982 ft)[2]
Ranked 25th
Isolation265 km (165 mi) 
ListingCountry high point
Ultra
Coordinates08°32′30″N 71°02′45″W[2]
Geography
Pico Bolívar
Venezuela
LocationMérida, Mérida, Venezuela
Parent rangeSierra Nevada, Andes
Climbing
First ascent1935 by Enrique Bourgoin, H. Márquez Molina and Domingo Peña

The Pico Bolívar is located on the mountain previously called La Columna, next to El León (4,743 m) and El Toro (4,695 m). The new name was suggested by Tulio Febres Cordero in 1925. It was officially renamed on December 30, 1934.


Elevation


The height of this prominent Andean peak has been estimated and calculated various times during history. In 1912, one triangular measurement pointed at 5,002 metres (16,411 ft). In 1928 came another calculation at 5,007 metres (16,427 ft), which stood as official height for a long time.[1]

During the 1990s, the scientists Heinz Saler and Carlso Abad estimated the height, based upon GPS observations to be 4,980.8 metres (16,341 ft).[3] However, no validation was made. New GPS measurements were made in 2002, which stated a height of 4,978.4 ±0.4 metres. These more correct findings were published in 2005.[1]

The final measurement was made by José Napoleon Hernández from IGVSB; Diego Deiros and Carlos Rodriguez from USB and two guides from Inparques. GPS measurements designed for geodetic network consists of the vertices Pico Bolívar, El Toro, Piedras Blancas, and Mucuñuque Observatory, the latter belonging to the Venezuelan Red Geocentric REGVEN. Measurements were temporally equally long and continuous to ensure a greater volume of data over time to make more consistent and reliable information, five (5) GPS dual frequency receivers were used.[4]

Panoramic of Bolívar Peak. Ascent route Bourgoin - Peña
Panoramic of Bolívar Peak. Ascent route Bourgoin - Peña

Glacial retreat


Comparison between the mountain's glacier, 1950 and 2011 respectively.
Comparison between the mountain's glacier, 1950 and 2011 respectively.

During the Merida glaciation in the Pleistocene epoch, the glaciated area had a maximum extent of 600 km2 and covered mountains with a height of at least 3,000 m (9,800 ft). At the end of the glaciation, the area covered by the glaciers progressively shrank, and before the start of the Little Ice Age they had possibly all disappeared.[citation needed]

It is estimated that in 1910 the area covered by glaciers was around 10 km2 (3.9 sq mi), divided in two large areas, one embracing Picos Bolívar, Espejo and Concha and the other embracing Picos Humboldt and Bonpland. Possibly a small glaciated area covered the northwest side of Pico El Toro.[5]

Aerial pictures taken in 1952 show the glaciated area had already shrunk to 0.9 km2 (0.35 sq mi) for the Picos Bolívar, Espejo and Concha and to 2.0 km2 (0.77 sq mi) for the Picos Humboldt and Bonpland.

In 2003 almost all the glaciers of the area had disappeared, with the exception of a two small glaciated areas (7.48 ha (18.5 acres) on Pico Bolívar and 35.81 ha (88.5 acres) on Pico Humboldt).

Panoramic view of Pico Bolívar.
Panoramic view of Pico Bolívar.

References



Notes


  1. Pérez et al (Sep. 2005): "Alturas del Pico Bolívar y otras cimas andinas venezolanas a partir de observaciones Gps." INCI v.30, n.4, Caracas sep. 2005. Retrieved 2012-09-27. (in Spanish)
  2. "Venezuela, Brazil and the Guianas Ultra-Prominences" Note: The prominence value given here is based on an elevation of 4,981 m. Peaklist.org. Retrieved 2013-02-12.
  3. Figueredo, Ivarelys (7 November 2002) "Tendrán que corregir la altura del pico Bolívar en textos de Geografía" El Nacional from Web Archive, originally from Venezuela Innovadora. (in Spanish)
  4. Boletín Geográfico IGVSB-BG No 14
  5. "Efectos del calentamiento global ¿Nieves eternas en la Sierra Nevada de Mérida? (in Spanish)



На других языках


[de] Pico Bolívar

Der Pico Bolívar ist mit 4978 Metern der höchste Berg Venezuelas.[1] Benannt ist er nach dem Nationalhelden Venezuelas, Simón Bolívar. Der Berg liegt in den nordöstlichen Ausläufern der Andenkette unweit der Stadt Mérida, der Hauptstadt des gleichnamigen Bundesstaates im Nationalpark Parque nacional Sierra Nevada.
- [en] Pico Bolívar

[es] Pico Bolívar

El pico Bolívar es el accidente geográfico más alto de Venezuela, con una altitud oficial de 5007 m s. n. m.[1][2] Forma parte de un conjunto de picos ubicados en Sierra Nevada dentro del parque nacional homónimo en la cordillera de Mérida (Estado Mérida). Junto con los picos hermanos: Humboldt y Bonpland forman los principales picos de la cordillera de Los Andes venezolanos.

[fr] Pico Bolívar

Le Pico Bolívar est un sommet montagneux de la Sierra Nevada de Mérida, dans le prolongement nord de la cordillère des Andes. Il est le point culminant du Venezuela avec 4 978 m d'altitude. Il est situé dans l'État de Mérida, non loin de la ville de Mérida. Il fut ainsi nommé en l'honneur de Simón Bolívar.

[it] Pico Bolívar

Il Pico Bolívar (4.978m) è la montagna più alta del Venezuela. È situato nello Stato di Mérida non lontano dalla città di Mérida. Fu così chiamato in onore di Simón Bolívar.

[ru] Пик Боливар

Пик Боли́вар (4978 м) — высочайшая вершина Венесуэлы. Официальная высота пика выполнялась геофизиками Диего Дейросом и Карлосом Родригесом университета имени Симона Боливара, и Жозе Наполеоном Эрнандесом Института географии Венесуэлы в 2002 году. Результат измерения дал 4978,4 ± 0,4 метра. До официального переименования 30 декабря 1934 года пик назывался Ла-Колумна (La Columna). Новое имя дано в честь национального героя Симона Боливара, бюст которого был установлен на вершине во время первого восхождения в 1935 году.



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