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Bhote Koshi in Nepal and Poiqu in Tibet, both names roughly mean "Tibetan river," is the name given to the upper course (main tributary) of the Sun Kosi river.[2][3] It is part of the Koshi River system in Nepal.[1]

For Rural municipality, see Bhotekoshi.
Bhote Koshi / Poiqu
Bhote Koshi near the Tibetan border during dry season
Physical characteristics
Source 
 • locationZhangzangbo Glacier, Tibet Autonomous Region
 • elevation8,012 m (26,286 ft)
Mouth 
 • location
Sun Kosi near Balephi, Sindhupalchowk, Nepal
 • coordinates
27°43′58″N 85°46′47″E
 • elevation
640 m (2,100 ft)[1]
Basin features
River systemKoshi River
Poiqu
Tibetan name
Tibetan བོད་ཆུ
Literal meaningriver of Tibet
Chinese name
Traditional Chinese波曲
Matsang Tsangpo
Tibetan name
Tibetan མ་གཙང་གཙང་པོ།
Chinese name
Traditional Chinese麻章藏布
Bhote Kosi
Traditional Chinese波特科西
Simplified Chinese波特科西
Nepali name
Nepaliभोटे कोशी

Names and etymology


Bhotekoshi is the Nepalese name (Nepali: भोटे कोशी, romanized: Bhōṭē kōśī). In Nepali language, the word "bhoṭe" or "bhoṭiyā" means Tibetan;[4] and the word "kosi" means river.[5] As such the name is not unique, the western tributary of the upper Dudh Koshi is also called Bhote Koshi.[6]

Poiqu (Tibetan: བོད་ཆུ) is the common name for the river on the Chinese side.[7][8] It is also transliterated as Boqu via Chinese (Chinese: 波曲).[9] and as Po Chu by early 1990s Everest expeditions.[10] This name means "River of Tibet."[11] This is not a unique name, as it is also ascribed to Yarlung Tsangpo. The formal name of the river in Tibetan is Matsang Tsangpo (Tibetan: མ་གཙང་གཙང་པོ།).[8][7]


River course


The valley of Bhote Koshi
The valley of Bhote Koshi

The headwaters of Poiqu and Bhote-Sun Koshi River are located at the Zhangzangbo Glacier in Tibet.[12] The river flows out of the Lumi Chimi lake. When entering Nepal, it is called Bhote Koshi. Further downstream, from the village of Bahrabise onwards, it is called Sun Koshi.[1]


Hazards


In July 1981, a sudden ice avalanche caused a Glacial Lake Outburst Flood in the moraine-dammed Zhangzangbu-Cho Lake in the headwaters of the Bhote Koshi. The ensuing debris flow destroyed bridges, and sections of both the Arniko and the Nepal–China highways.[13]


Tourism and sports


The Bhote Kosi is used for both rafting and kayaking. It is the steepest river rafted in Nepal, with a gradient of 15 m per km. Bungee jumping or swinging over the Bhote Kosi has been described as the ‘ultimate experience’.[14]

The river carves a steep and direct drop at the top that gradually eases to more placid streams and calmer pools with a 46-km run at the Lamosunga dam. The rapids are class IV-V at high flow, and III at lower levels. The river is steep and continuous with one rapid leading into another.


References


  1. Shrestha, A. B., Eriksson, M., Mool, P., Ghimire, P., Mishra, B., & Khanal, N. R. (2010). Glacial lake outburst flood risk assessment of Sun Koshi basin, Nepal. Geomatics, Natural Hazards and Risk 1(2): 157–169.
  2. Yamada, T; Sharma, C.K. (1993). "Glacier lakes and outburst floods in the Nepal Himalaya" (PDF). International Association of Hydrological Sciences. pp. 319–330. Retrieved 18 February 2022.
  3. Su, Pengcheng; Liu, Jingjing; Li, Yong; Liu, Wei; Wang, Yang; Ma, Chun; Li, Qimin (11 November 2021). "Changes in glacial lakes in the Poiqu River basin in the central Himalayas". Hydrology and Earth System Sciences. 25 (11): 5879–5903. doi:10.5194/hess-25-5879-2021. eISSN 1607-7938. the Poiqu River (Bhote Koshi River), a tributary of the Sun Koshi River ... The Poiqu River (known as the Bhotekoshi River in Nepal) is the boundary river between China and Nepal
  4. Turner, R. L. (1931). "bhote". A Comparative and Etymological Dictionary of the Nepali Language. K. Paul, Trench, Trubner: London.
  5. Turner, R. L. (1931). "kosi". A Comparative and Etymological Dictionary of the Nepali Language. K. Paul, Trench, Trubner: London.
  6. Kattelmann, R. (2003). Glacial lake outburst floods in the Nepal Himalaya: a manageable hazard? Natural Hazards 28(1): 145–154.
  7. "Xigazê Prefecture-Level City". Institute of the Estonian Language. 2018-06-03. Retrieved 18 February 2022.
  8. Sciences, Humanities and Arts Network of Technological Initiatives (2016). "Matsang Stream". SHANTI Place Dictionary. University of Virginia. Retrieved 18 February 2022.
  9. Xu, Daoming (December 1988). "Characteristics of debris flow caused by outburst of glacial lake in Boqu river, Xizang, China, 1981". GeoJournal. 17 (4). doi:10.1007/BF00209443. eISSN 1572-9893. ISSN 0343-2521.
  10. Charles Howard-Bury; George Mallory (1922). Mount Everest: The Reconnaissance, 1921. Longmans, Green and Company. p. 323. ISBN 978-1-977876-60-7. OCLC 1124314824. in the valley of the Po Chu or Bhotia Kosi R.
  11. Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland (1891). Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain & Ireland. Cambridge University Press for the Royal Asiatic Society. p. 256. OCLC 1764574. Po chu probably for Bod ch'u or "River of Tibet." It is generally call in Chinese Ya-lu ts'ang-pu chiang (Yaru ts'angpo in Tibetan).
  12. Bajracharya, S. R., Mool, P. K., Shrestha, B. R. (2006). The impact of global warming on the glaciers of the Himalaya. Pages 231–242 in: Proceedings of the International Symposium on Geodisasters, Infrastructure Management and Protection of World Heritage Sites. Nepal Engineering College, Ehime College and National Society for Earthquake Technology Nepal.
  13. Mool, P. K.; Joshi, S. P.; Bajracharya, S. R. (2001). Glacial Lake Outburst Floods and Damage in the Country. Pages 121–136 in: Inventory of Glaciers, Glacial Lakes and Glacial Lake Outburst Floods: Monitoring and Early Warning Systems in the Hindu Kush-Himalayan Region, Nepal. International Centre for Integrated Mountain Development, Kathmandu.
  14. Bindloss, J. (2010). "Bungee Jumping". Nepal. Lonely Planet. p. 87. ISBN 9781742203614. Retrieved 2010-05-23.



На других языках

- [en] Bhotekoshi River

[it] Bhote Koshi

Il Bhote Koshi o Bhote Kosi (in lingua nepalese: भोटे कोशी) è un fiume del Nepal e un affluente del Sun Koshi, conosciuto come Poiqu in Tibet.[1] Insieme aI Sun Koshi (सुन कोशी), il fiume Indravati (इन्द्रअरुणावती), il Dudh Kosi (दुधकोशोशी नदी), il fiume Arun (अरुण), il fiume Tamor (तमोर) e il fiume Likhu sono i principali fiumi che formano il sistema fluviale Sapta Koshi del fiume Koshi in Nepal.[2]


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