geo.wikisort.org - Reservoir

Search / Calendar

Lake Pinatubo (Filipino: Lawa ng Pinatubo) is the summit crater lake of Mount Pinatubo formed after its climactic eruption on June 15, 1991. The lake is located in Botolan, Zambales, near the boundaries of Pampanga and Tarlac provinces in the Philippines. It is about 90 km (56 mi) northwest of the capital city of Manila. While one paper by researchers from Japan suggested a depth of 600 m (2,000 ft),[3] more detailed research suggests that 95–115 m (312–377 ft) is more accurate.[2]

Lake Pinatubo
The crater lake in 2018, formed after the 1991 eruption of Mount Pinatubo
Lake Pinatubo
Location within the Philippines
LocationMount Pinatubo, Botolan, Zambales, Luzon
Coordinates15°8′37″N 120°21′1″E
Typecrater lake
Primary inflowsPrecipitation only
Primary outflowsBucao River; other smaller rivers and creeks
Catchment area5 km2 (2 sq mi)
Basin countriesPhilippines
Max. width2.5 km (1.6 mi)[1]
Surface area1.83 km2 (0.71 sq mi) 183 ha (450 acres)
Max. depth115–135 m (377–443 ft) in early July 2002[2],
95–115 m (312–377 ft) in July 2002[2],
(dubious report of 600 m (2,000 ft) in 2005[3])
Surface elevation900 m (3,000 ft)
Settlements
  • Botolan
  • San Marcelino

Geology


Mount Pinatubo's volcanic activity has followed a cycle: centuries of repose terminated by a caldera-forming eruption with large pyroclastic flows; a post-eruption aftermath of rain-triggered lahars in surrounding drainages and dome-building that fills the caldera; and then another long quiescent period. During and after the eruptions, lahars descending along volcano channels may block tributaries from watersheds beyond Pinatubo, creating natural lakes.[4] Geophysical evidence shows that there were at least two ancient lakes in the Mapanuepe River valley in the southwestern part of the volcano.


Origin


Aerial view of the summit caldera on August 1, 1991, before the formation of Lake Pinatubo.
Aerial view of the summit caldera on August 1, 1991, before the formation of Lake Pinatubo.
Aerial view of the lake and summit caldera on May 18, 1992, approximately 9 months later.
Aerial view of the lake and summit caldera on May 18, 1992, approximately 9 months later.

The climactic 1991 eruption of Mount Pinatubo destroyed the volcano's original summit. In its place is a 2.5 kilometres (1.6 mi) diameter caldera, the center of which is offset 1 kilometre (0.62 mi) northward from the pre-eruption summit. It was created from the collapse of the volcano's summit on June 15, during the period of abundant large earthquakes in response to withdrawal of a large volume of magma from the reservoir beneath the volcano.[5] By early September 1991, a shallow lake formed. The high precipitation rate of the area led to a rapid transition from a small and hot acid lake to a large lake with near-ambient temperature and pH.[1][6]


Legend


The mountain range wherein the volcano is located is inhabited by the indigenous Aetas. An old Aeta legend tells of a lake that once existed in the site, most probably the latter of the two ancient crater lakes, and of a great explosion that destroyed it.[citation needed]


Lake drainage


Lahar canyons in the Pinatubo area, 2006
Lahar canyons in the Pinatubo area, 2006

Risk of flash floods in the communities found in the vicinity of the recently dormant volcano is imminent because of a danger of the caldera collapsing due to water pressure and a long-term increase in the water level of ~1 m/month. Experts had feared the weight of the water could have breached the crater walls and flooded the homes of up to 40,000 people in and around the small coastal town of Botolan, located 25 miles from the volcano.[citation needed]

In September 2001, residents of Botolan and nearby areas were sent to evacuation centers as a precaution from a possible deluge of mud and water. The Philippine government ordered a controlled draining of the lake and had authorities dig a 5m-wide channel from the edge of the volcano's crater, draining about a quarter of the lake's volume and diverting the excess lakewater into local rivers. Existing lahar canyons serve as water drainage paths to surrounding rivers and creeks, the largest of which is the Bucao River. In 2002, accumulated rainwater in the lake rose to dangerous levels during the rainy monsoon season, breached the artificial drainage canal, and triggered mild lahar flows in the area.[7]


Tourism


Lake Pinatubo in 2012
Lake Pinatubo in 2012

The lake is described as "a wide jewel of blue and green"[8] and is now a popular bush walking destination, mostly frequented by mountaineers and adventure-seekers. Until improvements were made, a trip to the summit involved either days of hiking or hours of 4-wheel vehicle travel followed by a 2-hour hard hike. Eventually, a trail called the Skyway was made that allows 4 wheel drive vehicles a shorter route to a drop off point to trek to the crater. The skyway shortened the route to a 1.4-hour ride and a 45-minute to an hour's trek.


See also



Notes


  1. "Evolution of a Small Caldera Lake at Mount Pinatubo". USGS.gov. Retrieved on 2011-11-20.
  2. Stimac et al. 2004, p. 152.
  3. Yang et al. 2005.
  4. Rodolfo, Kelvin S.; Umbal, Jesse V. (2008), "A prehistoric lahar-dammed lake and eruption of Mount Pinatubo described in a Philippine aborigine legend", Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research, 176 (3): 432–437, Bibcode:2008JVGR..176..432R, doi:10.1016/j.jvolgeores.2008.01.030
  5. Wolfe (1992). "The 1991 Eruptions of Mount Pinatubo, Philippines: Earthquakes and Volcanoes", v. 23, no. 1. (Retrieved: 10 March 2009)
  6. Bulletin of Volcanology, ISSN 0258-8900 (print), ISSN 1432-0819 (online); Issue: Vol. 66, No.2 /February 2004, pp. 149–167 (retrieved: 10 March 2009)
  7. "Asia Africa Intelligence Wire", 06 Aug 2002
  8. C. Tejero, "Pinatubo 10 Years After : Beyond the valley of lahar", Philippine Daily Inquirer, 2001-04-29

Sources



References





На других языках


- [en] Lake Pinatubo

[ru] Пинатубо (озеро)

Пинатубо (тагальск. Lawa ng Pinatubo) — кратерное озеро, расположенное на острове Лусон, в муниципалитете Ботолан[en], провинция Самбалес, Филиппины. Имея глубину около 600 метров, является самым глубоким озером страны; а также является самым молодым озером страны — оно появилось в результате извержения одноимённого вулкана 15 июня 1991 года[1].



Текст в блоке "Читать" взят с сайта "Википедия" и доступен по лицензии Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike; в отдельных случаях могут действовать дополнительные условия.

Другой контент может иметь иную лицензию. Перед использованием материалов сайта WikiSort.org внимательно изучите правила лицензирования конкретных элементов наполнения сайта.

2019-2024
WikiSort.org - проект по пересортировке и дополнению контента Википедии