geo.wikisort.org - Mountains

The Semeru (Javanese: ꦱꦼꦩꦺꦫꦸ), or Mount Semeru (Javanese: ꦒꦸꦤꦸꦁ​ꦱꦼꦩꦺꦫꦸ (Pegon:ڮنڠ سمَيرو‎, romanized: Gunung Semeru), is an active volcano located in East Java, Indonesia. It is located in a subduction zone, where the Indo-Australian plate subducts under the Eurasia plate.[3] It is the highest mountain on the island of Java. The name "Semeru" is derived from Meru, the central world mountain in Hinduism, or Sumeru, the abode of gods. This stratovolcano is also known as Mahameru, meaning "The Great Mountain" in Sanskrit.[4][1] It is one of the more popular hiking destinations in Indonesia.

Semeru
Semeru in 1985.
Highest point
Elevation	3,676 m (12,060 ft)[1]
Prominence	3,500 m (11,500 ft)
Isolation	391 km (243 mi)
Listing	Island high point 12th Ultra Ribu
Coordinates	08°06′28″S 112°55′19″E
Geography
Semeru Java, Indonesia Show map of Java Semeru Semeru (Indonesia) Show map of Indonesia
Geology
Mountain type	Stratovolcano
Volcanic arc/belt	Ring of Fire/Sunda Arc
Last eruption	4 December 2021 (Ongoing) [2]
Climbing
First ascent	Unknown
Easiest route	Hike

Geology

Semeru rises steeply above the coastal plains of eastern Java. Maars containing crater lakes have formed along a line through the summit of the volcano. It was formed south of the overlapping Ajek-ajek and Jambagan calderas.[5] The eruptive products are andesitic.[6] Semeru lies at the south end of the Tengger Volcanic Complex.

Eruptive history

Semeru's eruptive history is extensive. Since 1818, at least 55 eruptions have been recorded (11 of which resulted in fatalities) consisting of both lava flows and pyroclastic flows. All historical eruptions have had a Volcanic Explosivity Index (VEI) of 2 or 3.[7] Semeru has been in a state of near-constant eruption from 1967 to the present.[8]

Semeru is regularly climbed by tourists, usually starting from the village of Ranu Pane to the north,^{[citation needed]} but though non-technical, it can be dangerous. Soe Hok Gie, an Indonesian political activist of the 1960s, died in 1969 from inhaling poisonous gases while hiking on Mount Semeru.[9]

2021 eruption

On 4 December 2021, Semeru erupted for a second time in the year – the first having been on 16 January 2021.[10] Semeru erupted a third time on 6 December 2021.[11]

At least 57 people died,[12] 104 more were injured, while 23 are unaccounted for.[13][14][15][16] Thousands were displaced. [17][18][19][20][21][22]

Mythology

Semeru is named after Sumeru, the central world-mountain in Hinduism. As stated in legend, it was transplanted from India to create the island of Java; the tale is recorded in the 15th-century East Javanese work Tantu Pagelaran. It was originally placed in the western part of the island, but that caused the island to tip, so the gods moved it eastward. On that journey, parts kept coming off the lower rim, forming the mountains Lawu, Wilis, Kelud, Kawi, Arjuno and Welirang. The damage thus caused to the foot of the mountain caused it to shake, and the top came off and created Penanggungan as well.[23] Indonesian Hindus also hold a belief that the mountain is the abode of Shiva in Java.[24]

Floral problems

Non-native invasive plants

25 non-native plants have been found in Mount Semeru National Park. The non-native plants, which threaten the endemic local plants, were imported by Dutch botanist Van Steenis, in the colonial era. They include Foeniculum vulgare, Verbena brasiliensis, Chromolaena odorata, and Salvinia molesta.[25]

Vegetable plantations

Mud erosion from surrounding vegetable plantations is adding silt to Ranu Pani Lake, causing the lake to gradually shrink. Research has predicted that the lake will disappear by about 2025, unless the vegetable plantations on the hillsides are replaced with more ecologically sustainable perennials.[26]

See also

• List of volcanoes in Indonesia
• List of Southeast Asian mountains
• List of islands by highest point
• Volcanological Survey of Indonesia
• Lists of volcanoes

Citations

General sources

• "Semeru". Global Volcanism Program. Smithsonian Institution.
• Holt, Claire. Art in Indonesia: Continuities and Change. Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1967. Page 36 explains the mythological aspect of the mountain.

External links

• Satellite picture by Google Maps
• Semeru Volcano by Drone

На других языках

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[de] Semeru

Semeru, auch bekannt als Mahameru („Großer Meru“), ist ein Stratovulkan und mit 3676 m Höhe der höchste Berg der indonesischen Insel Java. Er hat einen Kraterdurchmesser von rund 500 Metern.

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- [en] Semeru

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[es] Semeru

Semeru o Monte Semeru (en indonesio: Gunung Semeru) es un volcán situado en Java, Indonesia. Es la montaña más alta de la isla de Java. Este estratovolcan también es conocido como Mahameru, significado de La gran montaña.[1] El nombre deriva del monte mítico hindú-budista: Meru o Sumeru, «la morada de los dioses».

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[fr] Semeru

Le Semeru, anciennement francisé en Sémérou, en indonésien Gunung Semeru, ou Mahameru[1] est un volcan d'Indonésie, dans la province de Java oriental, dans l'est de Java dont il est le point culminant avec 3 676 mètres d'altitude. Le Semeru a la particularité de produire un petit panache volcanique toutes les 30 minutes environ depuis le début de son éruption commencée en 1967. Comme la majorité des volcans situés sur la ceinture de feu du Pacifique, il s'agit d'un volcan gris.

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[it] Semeru

Semeru, anche chiamato Gunung Semeru, è la montagna più alta dell'isola di Giava ed uno dei suoi vulcani più attivi. Conosciuto anche come Mahameru (La Grande Montagna), è molto ripido e si erge nettamente sul piano costiero della parte est di Java. Dei Maar contenenti dei laghi vulcanici si sono formati seguendo una linea fino alla sommità. Il Semeru si trova all'estremità sud del complesso vulcanico Tengger.

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[ru] Семеру

Семе́ру (индон. Semeru) или Мухомеру — самый высокий вулкан на острове Ява в Индонезии. Семеру находится в южном конце вулканического комплекса — кальдеры Тенгер (Tengger). В кратере вулкана находится озеро лавы. Высота Семеру — 3676 м (высшая точка острова), имеет несколько кратеров; поперечник современного кратера 500—650 м, глубина до 220 м. Вулкан сложен андезитами и базальтами. Является главной достопримечательностью национального парка Бромо-Тенггер-Семеру.

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