geo.wikisort.org - Island

Search / Calendar

Pratas Island[11]: i [14]: 5 [15][16][17] is an island[1]: 13 [2][3][6] in the northern part of the South China Sea administered as part of Cijin District, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.[18][19] (Chinese: 東沙群島; pinyin: Dōngshā Qúndǎo; Pe̍h-ōe-jī: Tang-soa Kûn-tó; lit. 'East Sand Islands'[11]: 17 ), the Tungsha Islands[20][21][22][23][24][25] and the Dongsha Islands.[2] It is located about 170 nautical miles (310 km; 200 mi) southeast of Hong Kong.[7][26] It has an area of about 240 hectares (590 acres), including 64 hectares (160 acres) of lagoon, and is the largest of the South China Sea Islands.[27] It is the location of the Dongsha Airport.

"Dongsha" redirects here. For other uses, see Dongsha (disambiguation).
Pratas Island
Disputed island
Native name: 東沙島
Other names: Tungsha Island
Dongsha Island
Pratas Atoll from space, January 1986.
Geography
LocationSouth China Sea
Coordinates20°42′08″N 116°43′39″E
Total islands1[1]: 13 [2][3][4][5][6]
Area174 ha (429.96 acres) (land), 64 ha (158.15 acres) (lagoon)[7][1]: 5 
Length2.8 kilometres (1.7 mi)
Width0.865 kilometres (0.537 mi)
Administered by
 Republic of China (Taiwan)
Municipality
District		Kaohsiung
Cijin[1]: 23 [8] (Qijin)
Claimed by
 People's Republic of China[9][10][11]: 10 
Province
Prefecture-level city
District		Guangdong
Shanwei (Swabue)

Chengqu[12][13]

There are three undersea features in the waters associated with Pratas Island: Pratas Atoll, North Vereker Bank and South Vereker Bank.[1]: 8, 9 [28][29][30] The atoll is circular, and the crescent-shaped Pratas Island occupies its western part. Below the ocean's surface[31] to the northwest (21°N 116°E) of Pratas Island, North Vereker Bank rises to 11 metres (36 ft) below sea level and South Vereker Bank to 58 metres (190 ft) below sea level.[14]: 6 

There are numerous oil wells to the west of the banks.[32] In 2007, the Dongsha Atoll National Park was established on the island. The People's Republic of China claims the island, atoll and banks as part of Guangdong Province.


Pratas Islands


Map of Pratas Island (NAVOCEANO, 1969)
Map of Pratas Island (NAVOCEANO, 1969)
Stele erected on Pratas Island by the ROC Ministry of the Interior
Stele erected on Pratas Island by the ROC Ministry of the Interior
USS Frank Knox aground on Pratas Reef 1965
USS Frank Knox aground on Pratas Reef 1965
South China Sea
South China Sea

The English name of the island derives from the Portuguese Ilhas das Pratas ("Silver Plate Islands"), which was given to the atoll in the 16th century owing to its round shape.[citation needed][33] Pratas Atoll is also called Pratas Reef.[34]

Tungsha Island[25][35][22][36][37] (Tung-sha Tao) (Chinese: 東沙島; pinyin: Dōngshā Dǎo; Wade–Giles: Tung1-sha1 Tao3; Pe̍h-ōe-jī: Tang-soa-tó) is the Wade–Giles-derived romanization of the Mandarin Chinese name for the island, and Dongsha Island[38] (Dongsha Dao) is the pinyin-derived name. A smaller island with the same Chinese character name is located in the Taiwan-administered Dongyin Township in the Matsu Islands in the East China Sea.[39][40]

The area including the island, atoll and banks is also called the Pratas Islands[1]: 7 [2][20][41][21] (Chinese: 東沙群島; pinyin: Dōngshā Qúndǎo; Pe̍h-ōe-jī: Tang-soa Kûn-tó; lit. 'East Sand Islands'[11]: 17 ), the Tungsha Islands[20][21][22][23][24][25] and the Dongsha Islands.[2][41] Despite these names, Pratas Island is the only island;[1]: 13 [2][3][4][5] there is no group of islands.[6]


History


The East Indiaman Earl Talbot was wrecked on Pratas Island on or about 22 October 1800 with the loss of all aboard. At the time the island was known to British sailors as "Perates". In 1851, the British screw sloop HMS Reynard wrecked on the south-east bend of Pratas Atoll while going to the aid of another wrecked vessel; the crew were all saved.[42] Decades later, the boilers and parts of the machinery of the wreckage of HMS Reynard remained visible on the atoll.[43]

In 1859–1861, there was a correspondence between the British Colonial Office and the Hong Kong colonial authorities about building a lighthouse on the main island on the atoll. Despite an offer by a British businessman in Xiamen (Amoy) to build it, it was decided that the cost was too great and the matter lapsed. It is clear from the correspondence that no one supposed the atoll to be a part of any known jurisdiction, so negotiations might have been required to ensure that any construction would be legal.[44]

One consequence of that initiative was that, in 1858, the Royal Navy survey ship HMS Saracen completed the first detailed survey of the atoll, resulting in the Plan of the Pratas Reef and Island, J. Richards and others, April 1858, being published by the British Admiralty.[45] On the resulting chart three positions are proposed for a lighthouse: on Pratas Island, on the north-east corner, or on the southern edge near where HMS Reynard had stranded. In the north-east corner of the lagoon the chart notes "Anchorage for junks", indicating regular use by fishing and other small vessels taking shelter. The chart's rubric noted that the available safe draft for vessels entering was only 15 feet (4.6 m), so it was restricted to relatively small vessels only.

In 1866, Cuthbert Collingwood (naturalist) visited Pratas Island and later published a description of it.[46]

In 1908–1909, a Japanese businessman named Nishizawa Yoshizi (西澤吉次) established a guano collecting station. He destroyed the Dawang Joss House (大王庙), dug up graves and poured the bone ashes of Chinese fishermen into the sea, and renamed the atoll "Nishizawa Island".[47][48] After a diplomatic confrontation, Chinese sovereignty was re-established, and Nishizawa withdrew, after being compensated by the Guangdong provincial government, and after paying compensation for the destruction of a Chinese fishermen's shrine.[49]

In December 1930, the schooner Hedwig (Netherlands) ran aground on a coral reef off Pratas Island and was wrecked.[50][51]

On 22 May 1944, the Japanese gunboat Hashidate was torpedoed and sunk by the US submarine USS Picuda, in the South China Sea off Pratas Island at 21°08′N 117°20′E, while towing the disabled passenger-cargo ship Tsukuba Maru. Casualties are unknown but her commanding officer was killed.[52]

Japanese naval personnel occupied Pratas Island during World War II. The Japanese Navy used the island as a weather station and listening post. On May 29, 1945, at 10:22 AM, a landing party consisting of Australian commandos and US naval personnel from the submarine USS Bluegill raised the US flag, declared the island a United States territory, and named it Bluegill Island. The landing party destroyed a radio tower, weather station, fuel and ammunition dumps, and several buildings. They encountered no resistance because the Japanese had left the island prior to the arrival of Bluegill.[53][54][55]

Pratas Island was later restored to Guangdong Province of the Republic of China (ROC).[56] On September 12, 1946, the navy of the Republic of China took over and garrisoned Pratas Island.[1]: 10, 13, 15, 23 [18]

On 6 June 1949, the ROC established the Hainan Special Administrative District (海南特別行政區), which included Pratas Island.[18][19]

In autumn 1954, the senior ROC politician Chiang Ching-kuo visited the island and made an inspection.[18]

On 9 June 1960, during Typhoon Mary, the Hong Kong cargo ship Shun Lee was driven against Pratas Reef and wrecked. Her 55 crew took to the liferafts and were rescued by the USS Yorktown (CV-10).[57][58]

While underway in the South China Sea on 18 July 1965, the USS Frank Knox ran aground on Pratas Reef, and was only freed on 24 August after a very difficult salvage effort.[59][60]

On 13 April 1996, the jurisdiction of the Taiwan Kaohsiung District Court was extended to include Tungsha Island (Pratas Island).[25]

In May 1999, Kaohsiung Mayor Frank Hsieh visited the island and hung an address plate on the island’s fishing service station.[61] On 21 December 2000, ROC President Chen Shui-bian visited the island with Kaohsiung Mayor Frank Hsieh.[62][22] On 28 July 2005, President Chen Shui-bian again visited the island and inaugurated the Fifth Maritime Patrol Squad of the Coast Guard Administration.[22]

In January 2007, the ROC government designated the Pratas atoll as the Dongsha Atoll National Park, the first marine national park in Taiwan.[63]

On 8 January 2013, an office of Chunghwa Post was established on Pratas Island.[64]

In September 2020, the PRC conducted air drills over the waters between the main island of Taiwan and Pratas Island that intruded into the ROC Air Defense Identification Zone (ADIZ). The planes were issued radio warnings by the ROC military until they left.[15]

On 15 October 2020, a regular civilian charter flight by Uni Air had to abandon its trip from the main island of Taiwan to Pratas Island when Hong Kong air traffic controllers told the captain of the aircraft that there were "dangerous activities" happening below 26,000 ft (7,900 m) and that the Uni Air aircraft could not enter the Hong Kong Flight Information Region (FIR). The transcript of the conversation between the pilot and air traffic control was released by the ROC Civil Aeronautics Administration.[2][10][65][66][67][68] The next day, the ROC Minister of National Defense Yen Teh-fa called on PRC not to "disrupt the order of international aviation".[69][70] On 20 October, Deputy Chief of the ROC General Staff, Lieutenant-General Li Ting-sheng (李廷盛), visited Pratas Island. He made an inspection of the living facilities of the military personnel and gave them instructions.[71] On 26 October, the same Uni Air aircraft made the round trip flight between the main island of Taiwan and Pratas Island.[72][73]

On 27 October 2020, a Y8 PRC military aircraft entered ROC airspace between the main island of Taiwan and Pratas Island for the twenty-first time that month.[74] On 28 October, Zhu Fenglian of the Taiwan Affairs Office of the PRC was asked whether, in light of PLA military exercises in Fujian and Guangdong, there was or was not a plan to take Pratas Island from the ROC. Feng responded that she did not have to answer hypothetical questions.[75][76] On 2 November, eight Chinese PLAAF aircraft breached the ROC air defense identification zone (ADIZ) above an area of sea near Pratas Island.[77] On 3 November, Y-8 plane entered the ADIZ of the ROC in the area between the main island of Taiwan and Pratas Island.[78] On 4 November, the ROC Minister of National Defense, Yen Teh-fa, stated in a legislative hearing that since January 2020, 276 PRC military planes had entered the airspace between the main island of Taiwan and Pratas Island, activity that Yen associated with plans by the PRC for a creating its own ADIZ in the South China Sea.[65][79] On 6 December, a PRC air force Y-8 plane entered the Taiwan ADIZ between the main island of Taiwan and Pratas Island, the fifth day in December that PRC military aircraft entered Taiwan's ADIZ.[80]


Geography


Map showing the location of Pratas Island (within (VH)R7) in the South China Sea (DMA, 1984)
Map showing the location of Pratas Island (within (VH)R7) in the South China Sea (DMA, 1984)
Map of Tung-sha Tao (Pratas Island) (NAVOCEANO, 1969)
Map of Tung-sha Tao (Pratas Island) (NAVOCEANO, 1969)
Map including Pratas Reef, Pratas Island and surrounding region from the International Map of the World (AMS, 1965)
Map including Pratas Reef, Pratas Island and surrounding region from the International Map of the World (AMS, 1965)
Map including Pratas Island (within VHR7) (NIMA, 2000)
Map including Pratas Island (within VHR7) (NIMA, 2000)

Pratas Island is located 444 km (276 mi) from the rest of Kaoshiung,[61] 850 kilometres (530 miles) southwest of Taipei, 320 kilometres (200 miles) southeast of Hong Kong[8] and 260 km (160 mi) south of Shantou, Guangdong[30] in the northern part of the South China Sea (20°43′N 116°42′E). An international team of researchers conducted a comprehensive population genetic analysis of 11 marine species sampled from the island. They concluded that Dongsha Atoll is an important regional stepping-stone that promotes genetic connectivity among South China Sea reefs, as marine larvae can potentially reach a large number of reefs in the northern South China Sea.[81] The protection of the island and surrounding reefs by the Taiwanese government as Dongsha Atoll National Park may therefore benefit the entire region.

Pratas Island is 2.8 km (1.7 mi) long and 0.865 km (0.537 mi) wide; it is the only feature of the group above sea level. The island is made up of coral atolls and reef flats. Brush, vines and bushes cover some of the island - the rest is white sand. Flora and fauna on and around Pratas Island include:[citation needed]

In the Journal of Science (April 1867) there is a nine-page article entitled "The Natural History of Pratas Island in the China Sea" by Dr. Cuthbert Collingwood, the naturalist on board HMS Serpent. It describes what was observed, especially bird life, during a visit of two days while the survey ship lay at anchor. Collingwood explored the island on 30 April 1866.[46]

The Vereker Banks (21°N 116°E) are 74 km (46 mi) northwest of Pratas Atoll.[82] North and South Vereker Banks are under water.[31] North Vereker Bank (北衛灘[83]) rises to 11 metres (36 ft) below sea level with an average depth of 60 metres (200 ft) to 90 metres (300 ft) below sea level. A well head with a depth of 4.1 metres (13 ft) lies 30 metres (98 ft) off North Vereker Bank. Two to three miles of deep water separate North Vereker Bank and South Vereker Bank. South Vereker Bank (南衛灘[83]) rises to 58 metres (190 ft) below sea level. A well head, in a depth of over 100 metres (330 ft), lies 28 mi (45 km) north of the Vereker Banks at 21°38′N 116°03′E. The associated production platform and SPM make up Lu Feng Terminal; the terminal is enclosed by a restricted area. Exploration for oil is taking place in this area.[14]: 6 

There are also some seamount formations nearby which are not part of the three atolls:[citation needed]


Politics and government


The island is part of the Republic of China (Taiwan) with the postal code 817. Although there are no long-term inhabitants on the island, Pratas is administered by the Kaohsiung City Government under Cijin District (Qijin). The island has been uninhabited, yet nations (including China and Japan) have claimed them to be their overseas territory.


Military


As of November 2020, about five hundred Taiwanese marines were stationed on Pratas Island. The island has a network of underground bunkers.[84] According to regulations updated on December 2, 2020, in the event that communication is cut off between the main island of Taiwan and Pratas Island or Taiping Island (Itu Aba), the highest-ranking local officer can make the decision to fire back at assailants.[85]


Cross-strait relations


The People's Republic of China claims the Pratas Islands (东沙群岛) as part of Chengqu, Shanwei (Swabue), Guangdong Province.[9][10][11]: 10 [12][13]

According to an anonymous PLA source, plans created around 2010 by China for an air defence identification zone in the South China Sea include Pratas Island airspace.[86] The PLA's actions near the southeast corner of the Taiwan AIDZ and Pratas Island in late 2020 led to speculation that the area might be declared part of an ADIZ by China.[79][87][88]

In the later half of 2020, repeated reports of Chinese military exercises and fly overs near the island were interpreted as an apparent attempt to cut off the supply line between Pratas Island and the main island of Taiwan.[89]


Pratas Island settlement


As an island with no permanent inhabitants, it is visited largely by fishermen, military personnel and researchers. Amateur radio operators participating in the DXCC and Islands on the Air awards programs also visit occasionally.[90]


Landmarks


An obelisk was erected after 1946.[citation needed]

In 1954 the ROC Government personnel stationed on Pratas erected a stone tablet on the southern side of the island, facing the ocean.[91]

The Da Wang temple is dedicated to 'Kuang Kang' and 'The South China Sea Goddess' - Mazu. It is said[by whom?] that the statue of Guan Gong came to Pratas Island on a canoe in 1948. The soldiers on Pratas Island built a temple to worship her in 1975. Today,[when?] the canoe is still kept in the temple. The joss sticks and candles are donated by soldiers, as was the golden sign hung in front of the statue. There is an 'Ever Green' pavilion in front of the temple which was also built by the soldiers. It is the most verdant place on the island.[91]

The Minister for Internal Affairs of the ROC erected the South China Sea Defense stone tablet to declare Republic of China sovereignty in 1989.[91]

In July 1991 the Kaohsiung City Government erected the Pratas Island measuring memorial stone tablet as a symbol that Pratas Island falls within the jurisdiction of Kaohsiung City.[91] Within Kaohsiung, the island belongs to Cijin District (Qijin).

The ROC Government established the Triangulation Benchmark as the triangulation point for Pratas Island in December 1991. There are words on each side of the base of the triangulation point stone tablet. They read 'The Pratas Triangulation Point' on the front, and 'Longitude: 116o 43" 42.5601'E, Latitude: 20o 42' 6.2415'N, Height: 2.4875 meters.' The words 'Defend the South China Sea', written by the commander, Lo Ben Li, were also engraved on the stone tablet. The National Tsing Hua University webpage about the island states: "In addition to making it more convenient to survey and draw navigational maps, and to construct and develop facilities on the island, the establishment of the triangulation point is also the basis of our sovereign rights."[91]


Public buildings


Hospital, 2004
Hospital, 2004

The library is located on one side of the main plaza, and is the center for soldiers to obtain spiritual nourishment. The library contains more than two thousand books.[91]

The military post office is Office No. 67. The Ministry of Transportation and Communications issued the 'South China Sea Islands Map Stamps' in 1996, as a set of two stamps. The inscription 'South China Sea Defense' from the national stone tablet on Pratas Island was printed on the five-dollar stamp, and the 'Defend the South China Sea' inscription from the national stone tablet on Taiping Island was printed on the seventeen-dollar stamp. The background was the south China coastline, Taiwan and Hainan Island with the blue sky and sea. This was the first time that the ROC had issued stamps with the theme of the South China Sea.[91]

In 1987 the military and civilian occupants built the 'Pratas Fishermen's Service Station'. The station was built in traditional Chinese courtyard house style, and provides convenient services for fishermen and boats in the South China Sea, insuring the fishermen's safety and upholding ROC sovereignty. The services provided include lodging, medical rescue, entertainment and supply. The station also provides lodging for the scientists who come to conduct research on the island.[91]

In 2012 National Sun Yat-sen University's Dongsha Atoll Research Station (DARS) was established for biology, biogeochemistry, and oceanography research.[92]


Energy


Diesel-fueled generators are used to power the island. In March 2016, a solar energy system built by the Coast Guard Administration went into operation. The system covers an area of 310.6 m2 and produces 53,200 kWh of electricity each year.[93]


Transportation


The Dongsha Island Airport features a runway located on the north end of Pratas Island with a small airport terminal at the eastern end. The airport is used by the ROC military. A main shack and subordinate shack are located on the southeast end of the island. There are no refueling facilities.

Two piers on the southeast shore allow for small watercraft to land.

A circle with a radius of 10 nmi (19 km) centered on Pratas Island, referred to as VHR7, is a prohibited area for aeronautical purposes. The 'VH' in VHR7 denotes 'Hong Kong' and the 'R' denotes a 'Restricted Area'.[36] Pratas Island and VHR7 are located within the Hong Kong Flight Information Region (FIR).[2][10][94]




See also



References


  1. Lung Tsun-Ni 龍村倪 (1998). 東沙群島-東沙島紀事集錦 (in Chinese (Taiwan)). Taipei: 臺灣綜合研究院. ISBN 957-98189-0-8. Archived from the original on 30 January 2009. p.13: "東沙島為東沙群島唯一島嶼" (Translation: Pratas Island is the only island in the Pratas Islands)
  2. Danny Lee (17 October 2020). "Hong Kong blocks Taiwan from reaching disputed Pratas Islands, saying airspace around disputed territory is closed 'until further notice'". South China Morning Post. Archived from the original on 28 October 2020. Retrieved 1 November 2020. The Pratas Islands, known as the Dongsha Islands in Chinese and located within Hong Kong airspace, comprise one island, two coral reefs and two banks.
  3. "Limits in the Seas - No. 127 Taiwan's Maritime Claims" (PDF). United States Department of State. November 15, 2005. Archived (PDF) from the original on 15 July 2020. Retrieved July 1, 2012. The Pratas Reef lies 230 miles to the southwest of the southern tip of Taiwan.26 It consists of an island in the mouth of a semicircular shoal open to the west. The segments D1-D4 close the mouth by connecting the headlands of the shoal with the island.
  4. Dong Manh Nguyen (December 2005). "Settlement of disputes under the 1982 United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea The case of the South China Sea dispute" (PDF). p. 8. Archived (PDF) from the original on 10 July 2009.
  5. 【海洋研究】東沙二十part1：擁有世界級珊瑚生態的神秘東沙島在哪裡？(我們的島 第933集 2017-12-04). Our Island (我們的島) (in Chinese (Taiwan)). Public Television Service. 11 December 2017. Event occurs at 8:20. Retrieved 1 November 2020 – via YouTube. 東沙島則是唯一突出水面的島嶼
  6. Dieter Heinzig (1976). Disputed Islands in the South China Sea (PDF). pp. 14, 19, 32, 56. ISBN 3-447-01804-6. Archived from the original (PDF) on 22 January 2017. p.14: "Strictly speaking, only one of the four controversial archipelagos may truly be referred to as a group of islands: the Paracels. The Pratas consist of one island and two sands."
  7. Pratas Islands Archived 2012-08-06 at the Wayback Machine, vm.nthu.edu.tw
  8. 東沙環礁國家公園簡 [Dongsha Atoll National Park - Introduction]. Marine National Park Headquarters (海洋國家公園管理處) (in Chinese (Taiwan) and English). Archived from the original on 1 October 2020. 東沙環礁位於南海北部海域，東北距高雄450公里，西北距香港320公里，西南距海南島榆林670公里，南距南沙太平島1,190公里，東南離馬尼拉780公里；行政區域隸屬高雄市旗津區。{...}Dongsha Atoll located in the northern South China Sea is 450 km southwest of Kaohsiung, 320 km southeast of Hong Kong, 670 km northeast of [Yulin on] Hainan Island, 1,190 km north of Taiping Island, [and] 780 km northwest of Manila. Administratively, it is under the Cijin District of Kaohsiung.
  9. "Law on the Territorial Sea and the Contiguous Zone of 25 February 1992" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 18 July 2004 – via United Nations. The PRC's territorial land includes the mainland and its offshore islands, Taiwan and the various affiliated islands including Diaoyu Island, Penghu Islands, Dongsha Islands, Xisha Islands, Nansha (Spratly) Islands and other islands that belong to the People's Republic of China
  10. "Taiwan releases records to rebut HK's claim it abandoned its flight plan". Overseas Community Affairs Council. 17 October 2020. Archived from the original on 2 November 2020. Retrieved 2 November 2020. The Dongsha Islands, administered by Taiwan but also claimed by China, are located about 310 kilometers southeast of Hong Kong and are within its Flight Information Region (FIR).
  11. "SOUTH CHINA SEA: UP FOR GRABS" (PDF). Bureau of Intelligence and Research. 14 September 1971. Archived from the original (PDF) on 23 January 2017. p.10: "Pratas Reef (Tung-sha Ch'un-tao){...}The PRC lays claim to the reef by virtue of its assertion that it is the only China."
  12. 汕尾市. 广东省民政厅网站 (in Simplified Chinese). May 2005. Archived from the original on 3 November 2020. 城区{...}（东沙群岛不是镇建制）
  13. 广东省国土资源厅 (30 June 2018). 城区地图 (Map). Department of Natural Resources of Guangdong Province 广东省自然资源厅 (in Simplified Chinese). Archived from the original on 7 July 2020 – via Internet Archive. 东沙群岛{...}北卫滩{...}南卫滩{...}东沙岛{...}东沙礁
  14. South China Sea and the Gulf of Thailand (PDF). National Geospatial-Intelligence Agency. Sailing Directions (Enroute) (17 ed.). Springfield, Virginia. 2020. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2 November 2020.
  15. Steven Stashwick (11 September 2020). "Chinese Jets Intrude Taiwan Air Defense Zone for Second Day". The Diplomat. Archived from the original on 11 September 2020.
  16. "China to conduct major military drill simulating seizure of Taiwan-held island". Japan Times. 14 May 2020. Archived from the original on 14 May 2020. Retrieved 4 November 2020.
  17. Pratas Island (Approved - N) at GEOnet Names Server, United States National Geospatial-Intelligence Agency
  18. 東沙島地方志資源調查委託辦理計畫 成果報告 (PDF). Marine National Park Headquarters 海洋國家公園管理處 (in Chinese (Taiwan)). December 2008. p. 26. Archived (PDF) from the original on 9 July 2020. Retrieved 9 July 2020. 民國35年（1946年）{...}9月，海軍負責接收東沙島，並設立東沙管理處；東沙氣象台由海軍負責管理。{...}民國43年(1954年){...}秋季,國防部長蔣經國至島上視察.
  19. Republic of China (2nd ed.). China Art Printing Works Yu Tai Industrial Corp., Ltd. 1985. p. 5 – via Internet Archive.
  20. "Statement on the South China Sea". Ministry of Foreign Affairs. 7 July 2015. Retrieved 7 July 2020.
  21. Richard Louis Edmonds (1992). Graham P. Chapman; Kathleen M. Baker (eds.). The Changing Geography of Taiwan, Hong Kong and Macau. The Changing Geography of Asia. Routledge. p. 160. ISBN 0-415-05707-8. Since 1949, Taiwan has remained under Nationalist (Kuomintang) control ... In addition, the Nationalists maintain garrisons and weather stations in the South China Sea on T'ai-p'ing Island in the Nansha or Spratly Islands and in the Tungsha or Pratas Islands (see Figure 6.1).
  22. "President Chen Visits Tungsha Islands". Office of the President Republic of China (Taiwan). 28 July 2005. Archived from the original on 9 July 2020. Retrieved 9 July 2020.
  23. The Republic of China at a Glance (PDF). ROC Embassies and Missions Abroad. May 2016. pp. 4, 7, 8. ISBN 978-986-03-2703-8. Retrieved 7 July 2020.
  24. "Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Republic of China (Taiwan) reiterates that the Nansha Islands, the Shisha Islands, the Chungsha Islands and the Tungsha Islands, as well as their surrounding waters, sea beds and subsoil, are all an inherent part of the territory of the Republic of China (Taiwan)".
  25. "History". Taiwan Kaohsiung District Court Republic of China. Archived from the original on 15 October 2011. Retrieved 21 July 2020.
  26. Pratas Island Airfield, Federation of American Scientists, www.fas.org
  27. Note that Woody Island in the Paracel Islands has a land area of 210 ha, which is greater than Pratas Island's 240-64=176 ha. Also, the PRC's land reclamation activities during 2014 & 2015 have created an "island" of ~230 ha at Fiery Cross Reef.
  28. Chih-Wei Chang, Chao-Sheng Huang and Shao-I Wang. "Species composition and sizes of fish in the lagoon of Dongsha Island (Pratas Island), Dongsha Atoll of the South China Sea" (PDF). National Museum of Marine Biology and Aquarium. p. 26. Archived (PDF) from the original on 1 November 2020 – via Internet Archive.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: uses authors parameter (link)
  29. 南海诸岛 (in Chinese (China)). 中国科学院地理科学与资源研究所. 2007-03-26. Archived from the original on 2014-07-14. Retrieved 2011-10-13.
  30. 夏征农; 陈至立, eds. (September 2009). 辞海：第六版彩图本 [Cihai (Sixth Edition in Color)] (in Chinese). 上海. Shanghai: 上海辞书出版社. Shanghai Lexicographical Publishing House. p. 0487. ISBN 9787532628599.
  31. Vereker Banks (Approved - N) at GEOnet Names Server, United States National Geospatial-Intelligence Agency "Feature Class (Code): Undersea (U)"
  32. Nautical Chart 93006, National Geospatial-Intelligence Agency, via www.oceangrafix.com
  33. Lima, Marcos Costa (2016-11-01). Perspectivas Asiáticas (in Brazilian Portuguese). Letra e Imagem Editora e Produções LTDA. ISBN 978-85-61012-75-5.
  34. "General Catalogue of Mariners' Charts and Books". Government Printing Office. 1919. p. 108 – via Internet Archive. Off-Lying Banks and Islands.
    2784 Pratas Reef and Island
  35. "The ROC Ministry of the Interior released the following press release Dec. 12:ROC Minister of the Interior Chen Wei-zen presides over a ceremony marking the opening of a wharf and lighthouse on Taiping Island, demonstrating the ROC's commitment to making Taiping Island a peaceful and low-carbon island, as well as an ecological reserve, in accordance with the spirit of the South China Sea Peace Initiative". Archived from the original on 20 June 2017. Retrieved 1 October 2020. Tungsha Island
  36. "ENR 5 NAVIGATIONAL WARNINGS". Government of the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region of the People's Republic of China. Archived from the original on 2 November 2020. Retrieved 2 November 2020 – via Google Cache, Wayback Machine. VHR7 TUNGSHA (PRATAS) ISLAND Circle of 10 NM (18.5 km) radius centred at 2042N 11643E
  37. Sovereignty over the Spratly Islands "Tungsha Island"
  38. "Where is Dongsha island? How far is it from Taiwan?". 22 May 2010. Archived from the original on 7 June 2020. Retrieved 1 October 2020.
  39. Dongsha Dao (Approved - N) at GEOnet Names Server, United States National Geospatial-Intelligence Agency
  40. 擬定連江縣風景特定區計畫說明書 (PDF) (in Chinese (Taiwan)). June 2002. pp. 15, 16. Archived from the original (PDF) on 8 January 2020. 東引地區 (北固礁、東沙島、雙子礁){...}東引鄉 北固礁 0.2701 0.11 東沙島 5.0434 1.96
  41. "Dongsha". National Parks of Taiwan. Retrieved 29 August 2020. This cross-domain cooperation effectively implemented the rat extermination program, and 721 mice were caught on the Dongsha Islands (Pratas Islands) in just one month.
  42. "HMS Reynard". William Loney website. Retrieved 8 February 2014.
  43. William Blakeney (1902). On the Coasts of Cathay and Cipango. p. 66 – via Internet Archive.
  44. UK National Archives, CO 129/75, pp.309-316
  45. Biblioteca Digital Hispanica, http://bdh.bne.es/bnesearch/detalle/bdh0000070710
  46. Cuthbert Collingwood (1868). Rambles of a Naturalist on the Shores and Waters of the China Sea: being Observations in natural history during a voyage to China, Formosa, Borneo, Singapore, etc., made in Her Majesty's Vessels in 1866 and 1867. John Murray. p. 23.
  47. CCVIC News: "挖我渔民祖坟，并将该岛改名为“西泽岛”。我渔民梁盛等向政府控诉西泽罪行"[dead link]
  48. 地方志[dead link]：“驱逐中国渔民,毁渔船,掘渔民祖坟百余座,拆渔民建的大王庙和兄弟所”
  49. Rhoads, Edward J. M. (1975). China's Republican Revolution: The Case of Kwangtung, 1895-1913. Harvard University Press. pp. 140–141. ISBN 9780674119802.
  50. "Casualty reports". The Times. No. 45687. London. 4 December 1930. col F, p. 27.
  51. "A Schooner on a Coral Reef". Northern Times (Carnarvon W.A.). 11 December 1930. Archived from the original on 4 November 2020.
  52. "Hashidate". Combinedfleet.com. Archived from the original on 7 November 2011. Retrieved 22 May 2019.
  53. ISSUU - SS-242_BLUEGILL_Part2 by Richard Pekelney
  54. Feuer, A.B. (2005) Australian Commandos: Their Secret War Against the Japanese in World War II. (Stackpole Books). ISBN 978-0811732949 pp.78-84.
  55. John J. Tkacik Jr. (5 November 2018). "Stars and Stripes over Pratas Island". Taipei Times. Archived from the original on 8 January 2020. Retrieved 1 November 2020.
  56. Sovereignty over the Spratly Islands, The China Post, 22 June 2009
  57. "60 Feared Dead In Hongkong Typhoon". The Times. No. 54794. London. 10 June 1960. col D-G, p. 14.
  58. "Search and Rescue". Archived from the original on 12 March 2016. Retrieved 4 November 2020.
  59. USS Munsee (ATF-107) and the USS Franx Knox (DD-742), www.navsource.org, accessed 20 January 2016.
  60. Ashley Mackin-Solomon (3 November 2020). "Tales from the USS Frank Knox: La Jollan embarks on story-collecting project". La Jolla Light. Archived from the original on 4 November 2020. Retrieved 3 November 2020.
  61. Huang Tzu-ti (18 May 2020). "Kaohsiung mayor may visit Dongsha Islands to assert Taiwan's sovereignty". Taiwan News. Retrieved 3 August 2020. Located 444 kilometers from Kaohsiung City, the Dongsha, or Pratas, Islands, consist of one island, two coral reefs, and two banks. The islands are administered by Kaohsiung's Cijin District, and Coast Guard personnel are stationed there.
    {...}
    Former Kaohsiung Mayor Frank Hsieh (謝長廷) made a visit to the Dongsha Islands in May of 1999 for the same purpose, when he hung an address plate on the island’s fishing service station. Chen Chu (陳菊), his successor, never visited the islands during her 12-year stint.
  62. Hsu, Brian (22 December 2000). "President Chen visits Pratas Islands for first time". Taipei Times. Archived from the original on 1 November 2020. Retrieved 10 March 2019.
  63. 東沙環礁國家公園. 臺灣國家公園 (in Chinese (Taiwan)). 內政部營建署. 2013-09-11. Retrieved 2016-05-15. 東沙國家公園成立於2007年1月，
  64. 東、南沙郵政代辦所揭牌 宣示南海主權. Central News Agency (Taiwan) (in Chinese (Taiwan)). Archived from the original on 2019-05-03. Retrieved 2019-08-14.
  65. Michael Mazza (5 November 2020). "Xi Doesn't Need to Invade Taiwan Right Now". Foreign Policy. Archived from the original on 6 November 2020. Retrieved 6 November 2020.
  66. Ben Blanchard (16 October 2020). "Taiwan says Hong Kong warned of ongoing danger after South China Sea flight blocked". Reuters. Archived from the original on 16 October 2020. Retrieved 2 November 2020.
  67. Liu Shih-ming 劉熙明 (24 October 2020). "Leasing Pratas Islands to the US". Taipei Times. Archived from the original on 2 November 2020.
  68. Gideon Rachman (18 October 2020). "A distracted US is dangerous for Taiwan". Financial Times. Archived from the original on 19 October 2020. Retrieved 3 November 2020.
  69. Danny Lee (16 October 2020). "Taiwan's defence chief rejects Hong Kong's explanation for turning back government flight to Pratas Islands". South China Morning Post. Archived from the original on 16 October 2020.
  70. "Beijing must respect air travel: minister". Taipei Times. 17 October 2020. Archived from the original on 17 October 2020. Retrieved 3 November 2020.
  71. "Taiwan's deputy military chief visits Dongsha Islands following plane row". Focus Taiwan. 20 October 2020. Archived from the original on 22 October 2020. Retrieved 3 November 2020.
  72. "Taiwanese plane lands on Pratas after HK dispute". Taipei Times. 27 October 2020. Archived from the original on 2 November 2020. Retrieved 2 November 2020.
  73. Lawrence Chung. "Taiwanese plane lands in disputed Pratas Islands as scheduled after earlier turnback". South China Morning Post. Archived from the original on 26 October 2020.
  74. John Feng (28 October 2020). "As China Threatens War, Nearly Everyone in Taiwan Wants Peace: Poll". Newsweek. Archived from the original on 28 October 2020. Retrieved 3 November 2020.
  75. 台媒問「解放軍是否計劃拿下東沙島」 國台辦窘答：不回答假設性問題. Apple Daily (Taiwan) (in Chinese (Taiwan)). 29 October 2020. Archived from the original on 3 November 2020. Retrieved 3 November 2020.
  76. 解放軍被指計劃拿下東沙島 國台辦：堅決維護國家主權和領土完整. HK01 (in Traditional Chinese). 28 October 2020. Archived from the original on 4 November 2020. Retrieved 3 November 2020.
  77. Keoni Everington. "8 Chinese fighter jets, spy planes intrude into Taiwan's ADIZ on Monday". Taiwan News. Archived from the original on 2 November 2020.
  78. Matt Yu and Emerson Lim (3 November 2020). "Chinese anti-submarine plane enters Taiwan's ADIZ". Focus Taiwan. Archived from the original on 3 November 2020. Retrieved 3 November 2020.{{cite news}}: CS1 maint: uses authors parameter (link)
  79. Matt Yu and Emerson Lim (4 November 2020). "Taiwan's defense chief links Beijing's incursions to ADIZ plan". Focus Taiwan. Archived from the original on 4 November 2020. Retrieved 4 November 2020.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: uses authors parameter (link)
  80. Emerson Lim and Matt Yu (6 December 2020). "Chinese anti-submarine plane enters Taiwan's ADIZ". Focus Taiwan. Archived from the original on 8 December 2020. Retrieved 8 December 2020.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: uses authors parameter (link)
  81. Liu, Shang Yin Vanson; Green, Jacob; Briggs, Dana; Hastings, Ruth; Jondelius, Ylva; Kensinger, Skylar; Leever, Hannah; Santos, Sophia; Throne, Trevor; Cheng, Chi; Madduppa, Hawis (2021-08-31). "Dongsha Atoll is an important stepping-stone that promotes regional genetic connectivity in the South China Sea". PeerJ. 9: e12063. doi:10.7717/peerj.12063. ISSN 2167-8359. PMC 8415289. PMID 34540369.
  82. Peter Kang. "Dual and multiple naming in the South China Sea: The cases of the Pratas Islands and Scarborough Shoal" (PDF). p. 113. Archived (PDF) from the original on 3 November 2020. Retrieved 2 November 2020 – via The Society for East Sea.
  83. Chiu Yu-Tzu (8 November 2004). "Research in the Pratas promoted". Taipei Times. Archived from the original on 8 December 2004. Retrieved 2 November 2020.
  84. Felix K. Chang (16 November 2020). "China's New Pressure on Taiwan in the South China Sea". Foreign Policy Research Institute. Archived from the original on 16 November 2020. Retrieved 21 November 2020.
  85. Matthew Strong (3 December 2020). "Taiwan's Ocean Affairs Council can order counterattack in South China Sea". Taiwan News. Archived from the original on 3 December 2020.
  86. Minnie Chan (31 May 2020). "Beijing's plans for South China Sea air defence identification zone cover Pratas, Paracel and Spratly islands, PLA source says". South China Morning Post. Archived from the original on 28 June 2020.
  87. Lu Li-shih (13 November 2020). "Is China Preparing to Set Up an ADIZ in the South China Sea With Taiwan in Mind?". The Diplomat. Archived from the original on 14 November 2020. Retrieved 13 November 2020.
  88. Anirban Bhaumik (14 November 2020). "India opposes China's move to set up Air Defence Identification Zone on South China Sea". Deccan Herald. Archived from the original on 14 November 2020. Retrieved 14 November 2020. Without mentioning China, he expressed India’s concern over the nation's aggressive moves in the region, including building military infrastructures in the disputed waters, and purported plan to create an Air Defence Identification Zone (ADIZ) covering the disputed Pratas, Paracel and Spratly Islands.
  89. Yoshiyuki Ogasawara (December 10, 2020). "The Pratas Islands: A New Flashpoint in the South China Sea". The Diplomat. Archived from the original on 10 December 2020. Retrieved 14 December 2020.
  90. "BQ9P, BV9P Pratas Island: Club Log support staffed by volunteers". clublog.freshdesk.com.
  91. From Taiwan's National Tsing Hua University's "Discovering the South China Sea" article. "Pratas Island". Archived from the original on 2013-03-13. Retrieved 2013-03-13.
  92. Dongsha Atoll Research Station, National Sun Yat-sen University
  93. "Taiwan activates solar energy system on Dongsha Island | Society | FOCUS TAIWAN - CNA ENGLISH NEWS". focustaiwan.tw.
  94. "Hong Kong Airspace Introductory Guide" (PDF). Virtual Air Traffic Simulation Network. pp. 9, 11, 12. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2 November 2020. (Note: In the maps (Figures 7.1, 8.1 & 8.2), the VHR7 circle is within the Hong Kong FIR.)


Wikimedia Commons has media related to Pratas Island.
Look up Pratas or Dongsha in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.


Текст в блоке "Читать" взят с сайта "Википедия" и доступен по лицензии Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike; в отдельных случаях могут действовать дополнительные условия.

Другой контент может иметь иную лицензию. Перед использованием материалов сайта WikiSort.org внимательно изучите правила лицензирования конкретных элементов наполнения сайта.

2019-2024
WikiSort.org - проект по пересортировке и дополнению контента Википедии