Many of the largest dams and reservoirs in New Zealand have been developed principally to produce hydroelectricity. Other uses include irrigation and municipal water supply.
Other schemes are standalone developments associated with specific sites.
Tongariro Power Scheme
The Tongariro Power Scheme (1,400 GWh) diverts water from the south side of Mount Ruapehu and the west and north sides of Tongariro into Lake Taupō, and thus eventually into the Waikato River.
The hydro stations, starting from Lake Taupō, are (capacity in MW and nominal annual energy output in GWh):
Aratiatia (84 MW) (331 GWh)
Ohakuri (112 MW) (400 GWh)
Atiamuri (84 MW) (305 GWh)
Whakamaru (100 MW) (486 GWh)
Maraetai (360 MW) (855 GWh)
Waipapa (51 MW) (330 GWh)
Arapuni (171 MW) (805 GWh)
Karapiro (90 MW) (490 GWh)
The Waitaki
The river was developed in multiple stages. The Waitaki dam was built first, without earthmoving machinery, followed by the development of the Aviemore Dam on Lake Aviemore and Benmore Dam on Lake Benmore. Lake Pukaki was initially dammed at this stage to provide storage and flow control. A small station was also installed on Lake Tekapo, but although it has a small dam to raise the pre-existing lake, water was taken through a 1.6km (1mi) tunnel to a powerstation below the level of the lake.
In the 1960s, work was started on the Upper Waitaki project. This project consisted of taking the discharge from the original Tekapo (A) station through a power canal, the Tekapo Canal, to Tekapo B station at the edge of Lake Pukaki. The dam at Pukaki was increased in height. Water from Pukaki is then transferred into the Pukaki Canal which meets the Ohau Canal from Lake Ohau into Ohau A station and Lake Ruataniwha. The Ohau Canal continues beyond Lake Ruataniwha to Ohau B midway along, before emptying through Ohau C into Lake Benmore.
The stations are (capacity) (annual output) (commissioned)
Tekapo A (25 MW) (160 GWh) 1955
Tekapo B (160 MW) (800 GWh) 1977
Ohau A (264 MW) (1150 GWh) 1980
Ohau B (212 MW) (970 GWh) 1984/1985
Ohau C (212 MW) (970 GWh) 1984/1985
The original Waitaki power stations discharge water back into the Waitaki River which then forms a storage lake for the next station in the chain.
The three power stations are:
Benmore (540 MW) (2,200 GWh) 1965
Aviemore (220 MW) (940 GWh) 1968
Waitaki (105 MW) (500 GWh) 1935
Project Aqua was a proposed scheme of six dams on a man made canal running from the Waitaki Dam to the sea. It was cancelled by Meridian Energy on 29 March 2004.
Clutha River
Clyde Dam (445 MW)
Roxburgh Dam (320 MW)
Standalone hydroelectric schemes
Manapouri (850 MW) (4,800 GWh)
Manapouri does not rely on a high dam to provide water – it takes advantage of the natural 178-metre height difference between Lake Manapouri and the sea at Deep Cove in Doubtful Sound, in Fiordland. The power house is in a cavern, while two tailrace tunnels take the water from the power house 10km (6mi) to Deep Cove and the sea. The Manapouri Control Structure (Mararoa dam) downstream from the original outlet of Lake Manapouri controls the lake level, and feeds water from the Mararoa river back up the river into the Lake.
IPENZ Engineers New Zealand, Engineering Heritage Register,Morton Buttress Dam of 1911, retrieved 29 December 2010.
IPENZ Engineers New Zealand, Engineering Heritage Register,Lower Karori Dam, retrieved 29 December 2010.
Further reading
Offer, R.E. (Robert) (1997). Walls for Water: Pioneer Dam Building in New Zealand. Palmerston North: The Dunmore Press Ltd. ISBN0-86469-313-3. Retired civil engineer and dam inspector examines the development of New Zealand dam construction techniques and uses from the 1860s to the 1950s for municipal water supply, mining, kauri logging and development of the Lake Waikarimoana Natural Dam for hydroelectric power.
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