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Hopen is an island in the southeastern part of the Svalbard archipelago (Norway). Hopen was discovered in 1596 by Jan Cornelisz Rijp during the third expedition by Willem Barentsz, trying to find the Northeast Passage. Later, in 1613, its name was given by Thomas Marmaduke of Hull, who named it after his former command, the Hopewell.
 Hopen in the southeast. | |
  Hopen Location of the island | |
| Geography | |
|---|---|
| Location | Arctic Ocean |
| Coordinates | 76°33′N 25°7′E |
| Archipelago | Svalbard |
| Area | 47 km2 (18 sq mi) |
| Length | 33 km (20.5 mi) |
| Width | 2 km (1.2 mi) |
| Highest elevation | 370 m (1210 ft) |
| Highest point | Iversenfjellet |
| Administration | |
Norway | |
| Demographics | |
| Population | 4 |
Ramsar Wetland | |
| Official name | Hopen |
| Designated | 12 November 2010 |
| Reference no. | 1957[1] |
The Norwegian Meteorological Institute operates a staffed weather station on the island with a staff of four persons. For the welfare of the crew, there are three cabins available on the island for their use.
During World War II, the Luftwaffe placed a meteorological team there under cover of Operation Zitronella.
On August 28, 1978 an early model Tupolev Tu-16 of the Soviet Air Force crashed on the island. All seven crew were killed in the accident. It was discovered two days later by the four-man Norwegian weather forecasting team. The USSR refused to admit the loss of an aircraft until the bodies of the crew were given to them. Norway transcribed the contents of the flight recorder over the objections of the Soviet government.[2][3][4]
Environment
A significant number of polar bears are found at Hopen in the winter;[5][6] moreover, the sub-population of Ursus maritimus found here is a genetically distinct taxon of polar bears associated with the Barents Sea region.[7]
Important Bird Area
The island has been identified as an Important Bird Area (IBA) by BirdLife International. It supports breeding populations of black-legged kittiwakes (40,000 pairs), thick-billed guillemots (150,000 individuals) and black guillemots (1000 pairs).[8]
Climate
Hopen has a tundra climate (Köppen climate classification ET). The average annual temperature in Hopen is −3.6 °C (25.5 °F). The average annual rainfall is 355.4 mm (13.99 in) with September as the wettest month. The temperatures are highest on average in August, at around 3.9 °C (39.0 °F), and lowest in March, at around −10.4 °C (13.3 °F). The highest temperature ever recorded in Hopen was 17.4 °C (63.3 °F) on 9 July 1973; the coldest temperature ever recorded was −36.9 °C (−34.4 °F) on 4 March 1986.
| Climate data for Hopen (1991–2020 normals, extremes 1945–present) | |||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
| Record high °C (°F) | 4.3 (39.7) |
4.5 (40.1) |
3.6 (38.5) |
6.9 (44.4) |
8.8 (47.8) |
15.7 (60.3) |
17.4 (63.3) |
15.7 (60.3) |
11.9 (53.4) |
10.8 (51.4) |
8.3 (46.9) |
5.5 (41.9) |
17.4 (63.3) |
| Mean maximum °C (°F) | 1.5 (34.7) |
1.5 (34.7) |
1.3 (34.3) |
2.0 (35.6) |
3.5 (38.3) |
5.7 (42.3) |
8.5 (47.3) |
9.1 (48.4) |
7.9 (46.2) |
4.8 (40.6) |
3.1 (37.6) |
2.4 (36.3) |
10.1 (50.2) |
| Average high °C (°F) | −6.6 (20.1) |
−7.1 (19.2) |
−7.9 (17.8) |
−5.7 (21.7) |
−1.4 (29.5) |
2.1 (35.8) |
4.7 (40.5) |
5.1 (41.2) |
3.5 (38.3) |
−0.1 (31.8) |
−2.6 (27.3) |
−5.0 (23.0) |
−1.7 (28.9) |
| Daily mean °C (°F) | −9.0 (15.8) |
−9.6 (14.7) |
−10.4 (13.3) |
−8.0 (17.6) |
−3.0 (26.6) |
0.8 (33.4) |
3.3 (37.9) |
3.9 (39.0) |
2.4 (36.3) |
−1.4 (29.5) |
−4.4 (24.1) |
−7.2 (19.0) |
−3.6 (25.6) |
| Average low °C (°F) | −11.4 (11.5) |
−12.0 (10.4) |
−12.9 (8.8) |
−10.3 (13.5) |
−4.6 (23.7) |
−0.6 (30.9) |
1.8 (35.2) |
2.6 (36.7) |
1.3 (34.3) |
−2.8 (27.0) |
−6.1 (21.0) |
−9.3 (15.3) |
−5.4 (22.4) |
| Mean minimum °C (°F) | −21.9 (−7.4) |
−22.5 (−8.5) |
−23.3 (−9.9) |
−19.6 (−3.3) |
−11.4 (11.5) |
−4.0 (24.8) |
−0.9 (30.4) |
0.0 (32.0) |
−1.9 (28.6) |
−8.8 (16.2) |
−14.1 (6.6) |
−19.1 (−2.4) |
−26.0 (−14.8) |
| Record low °C (°F) | −35.5 (−31.9) |
−34.6 (−30.3) |
−36.9 (−34.4) |
−30.2 (−22.4) |
−22.2 (−8.0) |
−9.9 (14.2) |
−4.3 (24.3) |
−4.4 (24.1) |
−12.4 (9.7) |
−29.0 (−20.2) |
−31.7 (−25.1) |
−35.6 (−32.1) |
−36.9 (−34.4) |
| Average precipitation mm (inches) | 36.1 (1.42) |
26.9 (1.06) |
34.4 (1.35) |
26.3 (1.04) |
21.4 (0.84) |
18.6 (0.73) |
23.6 (0.93) |
35.4 (1.39) |
35.9 (1.41) |
34.7 (1.37) |
29.8 (1.17) |
32.4 (1.28) |
355.4 (13.99) |
| Average precipitation days (≥ 0.1 mm) | 20.43 | 18.86 | 19.77 | 17.93 | 16.83 | 13.60 | 14.37 | 19.00 | 20.87 | 22.47 | 21.17 | 21.10 | 226.07 |
| Source: Météo climat[9][10] | |||||||||||||
Gallery
Hopen meteorological station in 2019
Hopen meteorological station, seen from north
The southernmost point, Kapp Thor, and the highest point, Iversenfjellet (370 m) seen from south
See also
References
- "Hopen". Ramsar Sites Information Service. Retrieved 25 April 2018.
- Soviet Union Military Plane Crashes in Norway October 27, 1978 Retrieved August 15, 2017
- Svalbard Arctic out post at strategic crossroads September 9, 1980 Christian Science Monitor Retrieved August 15, 2017
- Umbreit, Andreas Bradt Svalbard: Spitzbergen with Frank Josef Land & Jan Mayen page 132 Retrieved August 15, 2017
- Derocher AE, Andersen M, Wiig Ø, Aars J, Hansen E, Biuw M. 2011. Sea ice and polar bear den ecology at Hopen Island, Svalbard. Marine Ecology Progress Series 441:273-279.
- Oysten Wiig and Kjell Isaksen
- C. Michael Hogan, 2008
- "Hopen Island". Important Bird Areas factsheet. BirdLife International. 2013. Retrieved 2013-08-22.
- "Moyennes 1991-2020 Norvege (Jan Mayen/Svalbard)" (in French). Retrieved 1 June 2022.
- "Météo Climat stats for Hopen". Météo Climat. Retrieved 1 June 2022.
Bibliography
- C. Michael Hogan (2008) Polar Bear: Ursus maritimus, Globaltwitcher.com, ed. Nicklas Stromberg
- Oysten Wiig and Kjell Isaksen Seasonal Distribution of Harbour Seals, Bearded Seals, White Whales and Polar Bears in the Barents Sea
External links
На других языках
[de] Hopen
Hopen, früher deutsch auch Hoffnungsinsel oder Walross-Insel, ist eine Insel im Spitzbergen-Archipel (Svalbard) etwa 100 km südöstlich der Insel Spitzbergen.- [en] Hopen (Svalbard)
[es] Hopen
La isla de Hopen es una pequeña isla habitada[1] del archipiélago noruego de las islas Svalbard, en el océano Ártico. Administrativamente, pertenece a Svalbard, un territorio dependiente de Noruega.[fr] Hopen (île)
Hopen est une île dans l'archipel arctique du Svalbard.[it] Hopen
Hopen è un'isola situata nel sud-est dell'arcipelago delle isole Svalbard, in Norvegia.[ru] Остров Надежды
Остров Надежды[2] или Хопен (норв. Hopen) — остров в юго-восточной части архипелага Шпицберген, имеет вытянутую с юга на север форму, длиной 33 км и шириной лишь 2 км.Другой контент может иметь иную лицензию. Перед использованием материалов сайта WikiSort.org внимательно изучите правила лицензирования конкретных элементов наполнения сайта.
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