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Öræfajökull (Icelandic pronunciation: [ˈœːrˌaiːvaˌjœːkʏtl̥]; 'Öræfi glacier' or 'wasteland glacier') is an ice-covered volcano in south-east Iceland. The largest active volcano and the highest peak in Iceland at 2,110 metres (6,920 ft), it lies within the Vatnajökull National Park and is covered by part of the glacier.

Öræfajökull
View of Öræfajökull, showing its broad shape.
Highest point
Elevation2,109.6 metres (6,921 ft) at Hvannadalshnúkur[1]
Prominence2,109.6 metres (6,921 ft) at Hvannadalshnúkur
Coordinates64°00′N 16°39′W
Geography
LocationIceland
Parent rangeMid-Atlantic Ridge
Geology
Age of rockPleistocene
Mountain typeStratovolcano
Last eruption1727 to 1728
Hvannadalshnúkur, the highest peak of Öræfajökull.
Hvannadalshnúkur, the highest peak of Öræfajökull.

The original Norse settlers named the volcano Knappafellsjǫkull (Old Norse: [ˈknɑpːɑˌfelːsˌjɔkolː]; Modern Icelandic: Hnappafellsjökull [ˈn̥ahpaˌfɛlsˌjœːkʏtl̥]; 'knobs mountain glacier').[2] The current name, Öræfajökull, was eventually adopted after the 1362 eruption.


Description


Öræfajökull is located at the southern extremity of the Vatnajökull glacier and overlooking the Ring Road between Höfn and Vík. It is the largest active volcano in the country, and on the summit crater's northwestern rim is Hvannadalshnúkur, the highest peak in Iceland at 2,110 metres (6,920 ft). Geographically, Öræfajökull is considered part of Vatnajökull, and the area covered by glacier is within the boundary of Vatnajökull National Park.


Activity


Öræfajökull has erupted twice in historical times, in 1362 and 1728.


1362 eruption


In 1362, Knappafellsjökull erupted explosively, ejecting 10 cubic kilometres of tephra,[3] similar in scale to the 1991 eruption of Mount Pinatubo.[2] The wealthy district of Litlahérað was destroyed by floods, pyroclastic flows and ashfall.[3] Sailors reported pumice “in such masses that ships could hardly make their way through it.” Thick volcanic deposits obliterated farmland, and ash travelled as far as western Europe. More than 40 years passed before people again settled the area, which became known as Öræfi. The name literally means 'an area without harbour,' but it took on a meaning of 'wasteland' in Icelandic, as the 1362 eruption had drastically altered the environment around the mountain.[4] The volcano likewise took on the new name Öræfajökull.


1728 eruption


An eruption in August 1727-28 was smaller than 1362, though floods are known to have caused three fatalities when the meltwater swept their farm away.[4]


2017 activity


Increased earthquake activity in the form of small tremors ranging from a depth of 1.5–10 km beneath the summit crater, began in August 2017 according to the Icelandic Meteorological Office.

The Aviation Colour Code of the United States was raised to yellow on 17 November 2017, after the appearance of an ice cauldron inside the main crater and increased geothermal activity under the glacier.[5]


2018 activity


The seismic and geothermal activity which began in August 2017 continued into 2018, but at reduced levels. On 4 May 2018, the Icelandic Meteorological Office lowered the Aviation Colour Code to green. [6]


See also



References




Road to Öræfajökull, approaching from the west, November 2007. Two spur glaciers can be seen: Skaftafellsjökull (left) and Svínafellsjökull (right).

На других языках


[de] Öræfajökull

Öræfajökull ([.mw-parser-output .IPA a{text-decoration:none}ˈœːraivaˌjœːkʏtl̥], isländisch für „Einöds-“ oder „Wüstengletscher“) ist der Name eines isländischen Gletschers, der Teil des Vatnajökull ist und im Südosten des Vatnajökull-Nationalparks liegt.
- [en] Öræfajökull

[es] Öræfajökull

Öræfajökull es un volcán cubierto de hielo de la región de Austurland, en el sudeste de Islandia. Mide 2.109,6 msnm. Su última erupción fue en 1727 y le costó la vida a más de 1000 personas.[1] Sigue activo y es monitoreado con regularidad.[1]

[fr] Öræfajökull (volcan)

L'Öræfajökull est le plus grand volcan d'Islande, situé dans le sud-est du pays. Il est constitué d'une caldeira occupée par le glacier Öræfajökull, l'extrémité méridionale du Vatnajökull, la plus grande calotte glaciaire d'Islande. L'un des rebords de cette caldeira, le Hvannadalshnjúkur, constitue le point culminant du pays.

[it] Öræfajökull

Öræfajökull è un vulcano situato in Islanda. Il nome significa letteralmente ghiacciaio privo di porto, ma nella lingua islandese ha assunto il significato di ghiacciaio deserto.

[ru] Эрайвайёкюдль

Э́райвайё̀кюдль (исл. Öræfajökull) — покрытый льдом вулкан в юго-восточной части Исландии. Является крупнейшим действующим вулканом на острове, на его северо-западном краю находится высочайшая точка страны — пик Хваннадальсхнукюр. Географически относится к крупнейшему исландскому леднику Ватнайёкюдль. Вулкан находится в его юго-западной части, которая расположена на территории национального парка Скафтафедль.



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