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Pemba Island (Arabic: الجزيرة الخضراء al-Jazīra al-khadrā, literally "The Green Island"[citation needed]; Swahili: Pemba kisiwa) is a Tanzanian island forming part of the Zanzibar Archipelago, lying within the Swahili Coast in the Indian Ocean.

Pemba
Nickname: الجزيرة الخضراء
Al Jazeera al Khizra (the green island)
[citation needed]
Vumawimbi Beach, Pemba Island
Pemba
Location in Tanzania
Pemba
Pemba (Africa)
Geography
LocationIndian Ocean
Coordinates5°10′S 39°47′E
Area988 km2 (381 sq mi)
Highest elevation119 m (390 ft)
Highest pointMasingini Ridge
Administration
Tanzania
RegionZanzibar
Capital cityChake Chake
Largest settlementWete
Demographics
Population406,808 (census2012)
Pop. density428/km2 (1109/sq mi)
Additional information
Official websiteCountry website

Geography


The main islands of the Zanzibar Archipelago: Unguja (left) and Pemba (right)
The main islands of the Zanzibar Archipelago: Unguja (left) and Pemba (right)

With a land area of 988 square kilometres (381 sq mi)[1] it is situated about 50 kilometres (31 mi) to the north of Unguja, the largest island of the archipelago. In 1964, Zanzibar was united with the former colony of Tanganyika to form Tanzania. It lies 50 kilometres (31 mi) east of mainland Tanzania, across the Pemba Channel. Together with Mafia Island (south of Unguja), these islands form the Spice Islands (not to be confused with the Maluku Islands of Indonesia).

Most of the island, which is hillier and more fertile than Unguja, is dominated by small scale farming. There is also large scale farming of cash crops such as cloves.

In previous years, the island was seldom visited due to inaccessibility and a reputation for political violence,[citation needed] with the notable exception of those drawn by its reputation as a center for traditional medicine and witchcraft. There is a quite large Arab community on the island, who immigrated from Oman. The population is a mix of Arab and original Waswahili inhabitants of the island. A significant portion of the population also identifies as Shirazi people.[citation needed]

The most important towns in Pemba are Chake-Chake (the capital), Mkoani, and Wete, which is the largest city. The centrally located Chake-Chake is perched on a mound with a view to the west on a bay and the tiny Misali Island, where the tides determine when a dhow can enter the local harbour. Pemba is, with the exception of a strip of land along its eastern coast, a very fertile place: besides clove trees, the locals grow mainly rice, coconut, bananas, cassava, and red beans (called maharagwe in the Swahili language).

Pemba is home to several dive sites, with steep drop-offs, untouched coral, and very abundant marine life.[2][3]


Islets



Important Bird Area


Pemba has been designated an Important Bird Area (IBA) by BirdLife International because it supports populations of Pemba green pigeons, Pemba scops owls, Pemba white-eyes and Pemba sunbirds.[4]


Climate


Pemba has a tropical climate, yet somewhat milder than Tanzania's mainland and milder than in Unguja island. This climate is classified as "Aw" by the Köppen-Geiger system. The average temperature in Chake Chake is 25.5 °C (78 °F). The average annual rainfall is 1,364 mm. The monthly average temperatures are usually between 24 - 27.4 °C (75 °F - 81 °F). There are two rain seasons, with most rainfall coming between April and May and smaller rain season coming between November and December. Drier months are January - February, and a longer drier season between June to October.

Climate data for Chake Chake
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Average high °C (°F) 30.9
(87.6)
31.6
(88.9)
31.9
(89.4)
30.1
(86.2)
28.9
(84.0)
28.5
(83.3)
27.8
(82.0)
28.1
(82.6)
28.8
(83.8)
29.7
(85.5)
30.2
(86.4)
30.8
(87.4)
29.8
(85.6)
Daily mean °C (°F) 26.8
(80.2)
27.1
(80.8)
27.4
(81.3)
26.3
(79.3)
25.3
(77.5)
24.6
(76.3)
23.7
(74.7)
23.7
(74.7)
24.1
(75.4)
25.0
(77.0)
25.9
(78.6)
26.6
(79.9)
25.5
(77.9)
Average low °C (°F) 22.8
(73.0)
22.7
(72.9)
22.9
(73.2)
22.6
(72.7)
21.8
(71.2)
20.7
(69.3)
19.7
(67.5)
19.3
(66.7)
19.5
(67.1)
20.3
(68.5)
21.6
(70.9)
22.5
(72.5)
21.4
(70.5)
Average precipitation mm (inches) 86
(3.4)
71
(2.8)
134
(5.3)
304
(12.0)
291
(11.5)
74
(2.9)
42
(1.7)
27
(1.1)
21
(0.8)
54
(2.1)
129
(5.1)
131
(5.2)
1,364
(53.7)
Source: Climate-Data.ORG[5]

Archaeology


The Mkama Ndume ruins at Pujini village
The Mkama Ndume ruins at Pujini village

Archaeological research on Pemba has shown its centrality to the Swahili coast trading system as early as 600 AD.[6] Along the northern coast, urban settlements at Chwaka later developed and flourished from the eleventh century to ~1500 AD.[7]

West of Pemba's capital Chake-Chake, on a long stretched peninsula called Ras Mkumbuu, one can find some of the oldest and best preserved series of early ruins on the islands (Ndagoni ruins, probably 14th century).[8]

East of Chake-Chake one can find the Mkama Ndume ruins at Pujini village (south of the airport) within easy reach by road from Chake-Chake. This is the only known early fortification on the whole Swahili Coast; it is dated to the fifteenth century.[9]


History


The Ndagoni ruins at Ras Mkumbuu
The Ndagoni ruins at Ras Mkumbuu
Old Portuguese Fort in Chake-Chake
Old Portuguese Fort in Chake-Chake

According to the Arab geographer Yakut, in the mid-13th century there were two independent sultans ruling over parts of Pemba Island.[10]

On 24 June 2016, the Australian Minister for Infrastructure, Transport and Regional Development, Darren Chester, said that a piece of aircraft debris was found on Pemba Island, possibly being from the missing Malaysia Airlines Flight 370.[11]


Administration


Pemba's courthouse in Chake Chake
Pemba's courthouse in Chake Chake

Pemba is part of the semi-autonomous Revolutionary Government of Zanzibar.[12] Administratively, it is divided into two regions, North Pemba (Pemba Kaskazini)with its capital at Wete,[13] and South Pemba (Pemba Kusini) with its capital at Mkoani.[14] Although the centrally located city of Chake Chake, near the airport, is considered Pemba's capital,[15][16] and is the seat of Pemba's court and the President of Zanzibar's official Pemba residence.[citation needed]


Economy



Fishing


Pemba is also famous for its rich fishing grounds. Between the island and the mainland there is the deep 50 kilometre wide Pemba Channel, which is one of the most profitable fishing grounds for game fishing on the Swahili Coast.[17]


Farming and agriculture


Pemba is (with the exception of a strip of land along its eastern coast) highly fertile for agriculture which serves the global farming industry.


Cash crops

A large segment of Zanzibar export earnings comes from cloves. The greatest concentration of clove trees in Zanzibar is found on Pemba (3.5 million trees), as growing conditions on the island are superior to those on Unguja island. Clove trees grow to a height of approximately 10 to 15 metres and can be harvested for sometimes over 50 years.[citation needed] Most of the island, which is hillier and more fertile than Unguja, is dominated by small scale farming. There is also large-scale farming of other crops, primarily rice, coconuts, and red beans (called maharagwe in Swahili), as well as cassava and bananas.


Land surveying


For the promotion of tourism, the Department of Surveys and Mapping at Chake-Chake has been publishing maps with tourist guides since 1992.[18]



Transport



Airport


Pemba Airport is also known as Wawi Airport or Karume Airport and connects the island to Arusha, Dar es Salaam, and Zanzibar City.





See also



References


  1. Tanzania in figures 2012, National Bureau of Statistics, Ministry of Finance, June 2013, page 7 Archived 2013-11-26 at the Wayback Machine
  2. "Africa: Dive of a lifetime on Pemba Island". 2 March 2010. Retrieved 11 March 2012.
  3. "Divernet: Fun at Fundu". Archived from the original on 17 October 2011. Retrieved 11 March 2012.
  4. "Pemba Island". BirdLife Data Zone. BirdLife International. 2021. Retrieved 27 February 2021.
  5. "Chake Chake". Retrieved July 26, 2017.
  6. Fleisher, Jeffrey; LaViolette, Adria (2013). "The early Swahili trade village of Tumbe, Pemba Island, Tanzania, AD 600–950". Antiquity. 87 (338): 1151–1168. doi:10.1017/S0003598X00049929. S2CID 163370129.
  7. LaViolette, Adria; Fleisher, Jeffrey (2009). "The Urban History of a Rural Place: Swahili Archaeology on Pemba Island, Tanzania, 700–1500 AD". International Journal of African Historical Studies. 42 (3): 433–455.
  8. Kirkman, James S. "Excavations at Ras Mkumbuu on the island of Pemba." Tanganyika Notes and Records 53 (1959): 161-78.
  9. LaViolette, Adria (2004). Swahili archaeology and history on Pemba, Tanzania: A critique and case study of the use of written and oral sources in archaeology. In Reid, Andrew M. and Paul J. Lane, eds. African Historical Archaeologies, pp. 125-162.
  10. Marina Tolmacheva, The Pate Chronicle (East Lansing: Michigan State University Press, 1993) p. 6
  11. "Potential MH370 debris found on island off African coast". The Washington Post. Associated Press. 24 June 2016. Archived from the original on 25 June 2016. Retrieved 24 June 2016.
  12. "The Constitution of The United Republic of Tanzania (PDF)". Centre for Human Rights, University of Pretoria. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2012-07-22. Retrieved 2009-09-01.
  13. "Tanzania Regional Profiles: Kaskazini Pemba Profile". The United Republic of Tanzania. 2016. Archived from the original on 14 November 2017.
  14. "Tanzania Regional Profiles: Kusini Pemba Profile". The United Republic of Tanzania. 2016. Archived from the original on 14 November 2017.
  15. "Pemba Surrounding Islands". Zanzibar's Airports Authority. Archived from the original on 19 September 2020.
  16. "A Trip to Pemba" (PDF). The Fumba Times. No. June–August, 2019. p. 8. Archived (PDF) from the original on 21 January 2021.
  17. "The Pemba Channel Fishing Club". Archived from the original on 25 April 2012. Retrieved 8 October 2011.
  18. Pemba - The clove island 1:100,000, Map & Guide, 3rd edition, 2013, Dept. of Surveys and Mapping, Box 235, Chake-Chake



На других языках


[de] Pemba

Pemba (arabisch الجزيرة الخضراء al-Dschazira al-Chadra', DMG al-Ǧazīra al-ḫaḍrāʾ ‚die grüne Insel‘; römische Bezeichnung der Insel in der Antike: Pyralax[1]) ist mit 984 km² (Nord-Süd-Ausdehnung 67 km; Ost-West-Ausdehnung bis zu 22 km) und ca. 410.000 Einwohnern die zweitgrößte Insel des ostafrikanischen Sansibar-Archipels. Gemeinsam mit der 50 km südlich gelegenen Insel Unguja und zahlreichen kleinen Nebeninseln bildet Pemba den halbautonomen Teilstaat Sansibar in Tansania.
- [en] Pemba Island

[es] Isla de Pemba

Pemba (en árabe, الجزيرة الخضراء, al-Dschazirat al-Chadra, ‘isla verde’) es una isla que forma parte del archipiélago de Zanzíbar, localizada cerca de la costa oriental de África, en aguas del océano Índico. Se sitúa a 50 km al norte de la isla de Unguja, y a otros 50 km de la costa africana. Las islas de Pemba, Unguja y la Isla de Mafia son las tres principales que conforman el archipiélago de Zanzíbar o Islas de las Especias.

[fr] Pemba (île)

Pemba (en arabe : الجزيرة الخضراء al-Jazīra al-khadrā, c'est-à-dire « L'île verte ») est l'une des trois îles de l'archipel de Zanzibar en Tanzanie, le long de la côte africaine dans l'Océan Indien. Elle est située à 50 km au nord d'Unguja improprement appelée « Zanzibar », l'île principale de l'archipel séparée par le canal de Pemba de 50 km de la côte tanzanienne. Sa population était estimée en 2012 à 406 848 personnes sur une surface de 980 km2 (67 km sur 22). Sa capitale est Chake-Chake.

[it] Pemba (isola)

Pemba, nota anche come Al Kuh Dra (l'"isola verde"), è un'isola della Tanzania, situata circa 50 chilometri a nord-est di Zanzibar, al largo della costa orientale dell'Africa, nell'Oceano Indiano. Dista circa 50 chilometri dalla costa.

[ru] Пемба (остров)

Пемба (суахили и англ. Pemba) — коралловый остров в Восточной Африке, между 4°50' и 5°30' южной широты, в 50 км к северу от острова Занзибар. Отделяется от материка проливом Пемба. Принадлежит Танзании, куда вошёл в 1964 году вместе с островом Занзибар в составе автономии Занзибар.



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