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Champagne Pool is a prominent geothermal feature within the Waiotapu geothermal area in the North Island of New Zealand. The terrestrial hot spring is located about 30 km (20 mi) southeast of Rotorua and about 50 km (30 mi) northeast of Taupo. The name Champagne Pool is derived from the abundant efflux of carbon dioxide (CO2), similar to a glass of bubbling champagne. The hot spring was formed 900 years ago by a hydrothermal eruption,[1] which makes it in geological terms a relatively young system. Its crater is about 65 m (213 ft) in diameter with a maximum depth around 62 m (203 ft) and is filled with an estimated volume of 50,000 m3 (1,800,000 cu ft) of geothermal fluid.[2]

For Champagne Pools, see Fraser Island, Queensland.

Champagne Pool
The orange colour originates from deposits of arsenic and antimony sulfides
Champagne Pool
LocationWaiotapu, North Island
Coordinates38.359086°S 176.368901°E / -38.359086; 176.368901
Typegeothermal
Basin countriesNew Zealand
Max. length65 m (213 ft)
Max. depth62 m (203 ft)
Water volume50,000 m3 (1,800,000 cu ft)
Residence time34 days

Hydrochemistry


Location of Champagne Pool
Location of Champagne Pool
View of Champagne Pool
View of Champagne Pool

The deep geothermal water below Champagne Pool is of the order of 260 °C (500 °F)[3] but water temperature within the pool is maintained at 73 °C (163 °F) to 75 °C (167 °F) by losing heat to the atmosphere. The pH of 5.5 is relatively constant due to buffering by the flux of CO2. Gases are mainly CO2, but to lesser extent nitrogen (N2), methane (CH4), hydrogen (H2), hydrogen sulphide (H2S), and traces of oxygen (O2).[4] The siliceous geothermal fluid is oversaturated with metalloid compounds such as orpiment (As2S3) and stibnite (Sb2S3), which precipitate and form orange subaqueous deposits.[5] The colourful deposits are in sharp contrast to the grey-white silica sinter surrounding Champagne Pool.


Biology


High-resolution image of the edge of the pool detailing the orpiment and stibnite deposits
High-resolution image of the edge of the pool detailing the orpiment and stibnite deposits

Although Champagne Pool is geochemically well characterised, few studies have addressed its role as a potential habitat for microbial life forms. H2 and either CO2 or O2 would be available as metabolic energy sources for autotrophic growth of methanogenic or hydrogen-oxidising microorganisms. Culture-independent methods provided evidence for filamentous, coccoid, and rod-shaped cell morphologies in the hot spring.[4][6][7] Two novel bacteria and a novel archaeon have been successfully isolated from Champagne Pool.[8] Bacterial isolate CP.B2 named Venenivibrio stagnispumantis tolerates relatively high concentrations of arsenic and antimony compounds and represents a novel genus and species within the order Aquificales.[9]


See also



References


  1. Lloyd, E. F. (1959). "The hot springs and hydrothermal eruptions of Waiotapu". New Zealand Journal of Geology and Geophysics. 2 (1): 141–76. doi:10.1080/00288306.1959.10431319.
  2. Hedenquist, J. W. (1986). "Geothermal systems in the Taupo Volcanic Zone: Their characteristics and relation to volcanism and mineralisation". Bulletin of the Royal Society of New Zealand. 23: 134–68.
  3. Giggenbach, W; Sheppard, D; Robinson, B; Stewart, M; Lyon, G (1994). "Geochemical structure and position of the Waiotapu geothermal field, New Zealand". Geothermics. 23 (5–6): 599. doi:10.1016/0375-6505(94)90022-1.
  4. Jones, B.; Renaut, R. W.; Rosen, M. R. (2001). "Biogenicity of gold- and silver-bearing siliceous sinters forming in hot (75 C) anaerobic spring-waters of Champagne Pool, Waiotapu, North Island, New Zealand". Journal of the Geological Society. 158 (6): 895. Bibcode:2001JGSoc.158..895J. doi:10.1144/0016-764900-131.
  5. Pope, J. G.; Brown, K. L.; McConchie, D. M. (2005). "Gold Concentrations in Springs at Waiotapu, New Zealand: Implications for Precious Metal Deposition in Geothermal Systems" (PDF). Economic Geology. 100 (4): 677–87. doi:10.2113/gsecongeo.100.4.677. Archived from the original (PDF) on 27 September 2011.
  6. Mountain, B. W.; Benning, L. G.; Boerema, J. A. (2003). "Experimental studies on New Zealand hot spring sinters: Rates of growth and textural development". Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences. 40 (11): 1643. Bibcode:2003CaJES..40.1643M. doi:10.1139/e03-068.
  7. Phoenix, V. R.; Renaut, R. W.; Jones, B.; Ferris, F. G. (2005). "Bacterial S-layer preservation and rare arsenic-antimony-sulphide bioimmobilization in siliceous sediments from Champagne Pool hot spring, Waiotapu, New Zealand". Journal of the Geological Society. 162 (2): 323. doi:10.1144/0016-764903-058.
  8. Hetzer, Adrian; Morgan, Hugh W.; McDonald, Ian R.; Daughney, Christopher J. (2007). "Microbial life in Champagne Pool, a geothermal spring in Waiotapu, New Zealand". Extremophiles. 11 (4): 605–14. doi:10.1007/s00792-007-0073-2. PMID 17426919.
  9. Hetzer, A.; McDonald, I. R.; Morgan, H. W. (2008). "Venenivibrio stagnispumantis gen. nov., sp. nov., a thermophilic hydrogen-oxidizing bacterium isolated from Champagne Pool, Waiotapu, New Zealand". International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology. 58 (2): 398–403. doi:10.1099/ijs.0.64842-0. PMID 18218938.


Media related to Champagne Pool at Wikimedia Commons


На других языках

[de] Champagne Pool

Der Champagne Pool ist mit einem Durchmesser von 65 m, einer Tiefe von 62 m und einem geschätzten Wasservolumen von 50.000 m3 eine der größten Thermalquellen Neuseelands.
- [en] Champagne Pool

[es] Champagne Pool

Champagne Pool es un lago de Nueva Zelanda, situado en la isla Norte. Es un lago natural de aguas calientes de la zona termal de Wai-O-Tapu, en la región de Waikato. La fuente caliente está situada a unos 30 km al sureste de Rotorua y 50 km al nordeste de Taupo. El nombre de Champagne Pool se debe a las abundantes emanaciones de dióxido de carbono (CO2) que recuerdan las burbujas en una copa de champán. La fuente caliente se formó hace unos 900 años debido a una erupción hidrotermal,[1] lo que lo hace, a escala geológica, un sistema relativamente joven. Su cráter tiene cerca de 65 metros de diámetro y alcanza una profundidad del orden de 62 metros y un volumen estimado de 50.000 m³.[2]

[fr] Champagne Pool

Champagne Pool est un bassin naturel d’eau chaude de la zone thermale de Wai-O-Tapu dans la région du Waikato en Nouvelle-Zélande. La source chaude est située à environ 30 km au sud-est de Rotorua et 50 km au nord est de Taupo. Le nom de Champagne Pool provient des abondantes émanations de dioxyde de carbone (CO2) qui rappellent les bulles dans un verre de Champagne. La source chaude s'est formée il y a 900 ans à la suite d'une éruption hydrothermale[1], ce qui en fait, à l'échelle géologique, un système relativement jeune. Son cratère fait environ 65 mètres de diamètre et atteint une profondeur de l'ordre de 62 mètres pour un volume estimé à 50 000 m3 [2].

[ru] Шампейн-Пул

Шампейн-Пул (англ. Champagne Pool — дословно «бассейн с шампанским») — горячий источник, находящийся в геотермальном регионе Северного острова Новой Зеландии Уаи-О-Тапу. Источник расположен в 30 км к юго-востоку от Роторуа и около 50 км на северо-запад от Таупо. Название Бассейн с шампанским (Champagne Pool) получено благодаря обильным выбросам углекислого газа (CO2), что делает воду в источнике похожей на шампанское. Горячий источник образовался после геотермального извержения[1] около 900 лет назад, что в рамках геологии считается небольшим сроком. Максимальная длина бассейна составляет 65 м, глубина — около 62 м.[2]


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