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The Rhenish Massif,[1] Rhine Massif[2] or Rhenish Uplands[3] (German: Rheinisches Schiefergebirge, pronounced [ˈʁaɪ̯nɪʃəs ˈʃiːfɐɡəˌbɪʁɡə] (listen): 'Rhenish Slate Uplands') is a geologic massif in western Germany, eastern Belgium, Luxembourg and northeastern France. It is drained centrally, south to north by the river Rhine and a few of its tributaries.

Rhenish Massif
Highest point
PeakGroßer Feldberg
Elevation2,881 ft (878 m)
Geography
CountriesGermany, Belgium, Luxembourg and France
StatesNorth Rhine-Westphalia, Rhineland-Palatinate and Hesse
Parent rangeCentral Uplands
Geology
OrogenyVariscan (Hercynian)
Age of rockDevonian and Carboniferous
Type of rockmetamorphic rock
Satellite image with outlines (grey-drawn outline) of the Rhenish Slate Mountains (green trees). Above left the mouth of the Rhine into the North Sea.
Satellite image with outlines (grey-drawn outline) of the Rhenish Slate Mountains (green trees). Above left the mouth of the Rhine into the North Sea.

West of the indent of the Cologne Bight it has the Eifel and the Belgian and French Ardennes; east is its greatest German component, the Süder Uplands. The Hunsrück hills form its southwest. The Westerwald is an eastern strip. The Lahn-Dill area is a small central zone and the Taunus Mountains form the rest, the south-east.

The massif hosts the Middle Rhine Valley (Rhine Gorge), a UNESCO World Heritage site linked to the lowest parts of the Moselle (German: Mosel, Luxembourgish: Musel).


Geology


Geological sketch of the Rhenish Massif
Geological sketch of the Rhenish Massif

Geologically the Rhenish Massif consists of metamorphic rocks, mostly slates (hence its German name), deformed and metamorphosed during the Hercynian orogeny (around 300 million years ago). Most of the massif is part of the Rhenohercynian zone of this orogeny, that also encompasses the Harz further east and Devonian rocks of Cornwall (southwestern England).

Most rocks in the Rhenish Massif were originally sediments, mostly deposited during the Devonian and Carboniferous in a back-arc basin called the Rhenohercynian basin. In some places in the Ardennes, even older rocks of Cambrian to Silurian age crop out as massifs overlain by Devonian slates. These older rocks form smaller massifs of their own (Stavelot, Rocroi, Givonne and Serpont). In the eastern Rhenish Massif some very limited outcrops in the Sauerland show rocks of Ordovician and lower Siliurian age. Further Ordovician rock exposures are part of the southern Taunus.

The second rock type are Tertiary and Quaternary igneous rocks, which most prominently occur in the Vulkaneifel, the Westerwald and the Vogelsberg. The volcanic rocks have been linked to a mantle plume that, due to its low density and buoyancy, uplifted the entire region during the last few hundred thousand years, as measured from the present elevation of old river terraces.[4]


Mountain and hill ranges


The mountain and hill ranges within the Rhenish Massif - some with maximum height in metres above sea level (NN)) are given below:

West of the Rhine from north(west) to south(east)

East of the Rhine from north(west) to south(east)


References


  1. Vogel, Miller and Greiling (1987).
  2. Dickinson, Robert E (1964). Germany: A regional and economic geography (2nd ed.). London: Methuen, pp. 428-459. ASIN B000IOFSEQ.
  3. Elkins, T H (1972). Germany (3rd ed.). London: Chatto & Windus, 1972, pp. 226-236. ASIN B0011Z9KJA.
  4. Garcia-Castellanos, D., S.A.P.L. Cloetingh & R.T. van Balen, 2000. Modeling the middle Pleistocene uplift in the Ardennes-Rhenish Massif: Thermo-mechanical weakening under the Eifel? Global Planet. Change 27, 39-52, doi:10.1016/S0921-8181(01)00058-3

Literature



На других языках

[de] Rheinisches Schiefergebirge

Das Rheinische Schiefergebirge ist ein Mittelgebirge in Deutschland (Bundesländer Nordrhein-Westfalen, Rheinland-Pfalz, Hessen und Saarland). Als geologisch-geografische Einheit reicht es jedoch weiter nach Luxemburg, Frankreich und Belgien und umfasst auch die Ardennen.[2] Seine höchste Erhebung befindet sich rechtsrheinisch im Taunus auf dem Großen Feldberg mit 880,9 m ü. NHN und linksrheinisch im Hunsrück mit dem Erbeskopf (816 m ü. NHN).
- [en] Rhenish Massif

[fr] Massif schisteux rhénan

Le massif schisteux rhénan est un massif de moyennes montagnes situé principalement en Rhénanie-Palatinat et en Rhénanie-du-Nord-Westphalie (Sud-Ouest de l’Allemagne), mais aussi une grande partie du Sud-Est de la Belgique, le Nord-Ouest du Luxembourg et une petite partie de l'Est de la France.

[it] Massiccio scistoso renano

Il Massiccio scistoso renano (in lingua tedesca, Rheinisches Schiefergebirge) è un complesso di altopiani e rilievi (colline e monti non molto elevati) residui di sistemi montuosi ercinici, situato nella parte occidentale del Mittelgebirge (la Germania centrale) e nelle confinanti regioni di Lussemburgo, Belgio e Francia.

[ru] Рейнские Сланцевые горы

Ре́йнские Сла́нцевые го́ры[1] (нем. Rheinisches Schiefergebirge) — горы в среднем течении Рейна, расположенные главным образом в Германии и частично в Бельгии, Люксембурге и Франции.


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