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Laacher See (German pronunciation: [ˈlaːxɐ ˈzeː]), also known as Lake Laach or Laach Lake, is a volcanic caldera lake with a diameter of 2 km (1.2 mi) in Rhineland-Palatinate, Germany, about 24 km (15 mi) northwest of Koblenz, 37 km (23 mi) south of Bonn, and 8 km (5.0 mi) west of Andernach. It is in the Eifel mountain range, and is part of the East Eifel volcanic field within the larger Volcanic Eifel. The lake was formed by a Plinian eruption approximately 13,000 years BP with a Volcanic Explosivity Index (VEI) of 6, on the same scale as the Pinatubo eruption of 1991.[1][2][3][4][5]

This article may be expanded with text translated from the corresponding article in German. (July 2021) Click [show] for important translation instructions. View a machine-translated version of the German article. Machine translation like DeepL or Google Translate is a useful starting point for translations, but translators must revise errors as necessary and confirm that the translation is accurate, rather than simply copy-pasting machine-translated text into the English Wikipedia. Do not translate text that appears unreliable or low-quality. If possible, verify the text with references provided in the foreign-language article. You must provide copyright attribution in the edit summary accompanying your translation by providing an interlanguage link to the source of your translation. A model attribution edit summary is Content in this edit is translated from the existing German Wikipedia article at [[:de:Laacher See]]; see its history for attribution. You should also add the template {{Translated|de|Laacher See}} to the talk page. For more guidance, see Wikipedia:Translation.

Laacher See
View of the caldera volcano
Laacher See Location in Germany Show map of Rhineland-Palatinate Laacher See Laacher See (Germany) Show map of Germany
Location	Ahrweiler, Rhineland-Palatinate
Coordinates	50°24′45″N 07°16′12″E
Type	crater lake, caldera lake
Primary outflows	Fulbert-Stollen (canal)
Basin countries	Germany
Surface area	3.3 km2 (1.3 sq mi)
Max. depth	53 m (174 ft)
Surface elevation	275 m (902 ft)

Description

The lake is oval in shape and surrounded by high banks. The lava was quarried for millstones from the Roman period until the introduction of iron rollers for grinding grain.[6]

On the western side lies the Benedictine Maria Laach Abbey (Abbatia Lacensis), founded in 1093 by Henry II of Laach of the House of Luxembourg, first Count Palatine of the Rhine, who had his castle opposite to the monastery above the eastern lakeside.^{[citation needed]}

The lake has no natural outlet but is drained by a tunnel dug before 1170 and rebuilt several times since. It is named for Fulbert, abbot of the monastery from 1152–1177, who is believed to have built it.^{[citation needed]}

The eruption

Volcanism in Germany can be traced back for millions of years, related to the development of the European Cenozoic Rift System, which was caused by the collision between the African and Eurasian plates, but it has been concentrated in bursts associated with the loading and unloading of ice during glacial advances and retreats.

The initial blasts of Laacher See, which took place in late spring or early summer, flattened trees up to four kilometres away. The magma opened a route to the surface that erupted for about ten hours, with the plume probably reaching a height of 35 kilometres. Activity continued for several weeks or months, producing pyroclastic currents that covered valleys up to ten kilometres away with sticky tephra. Near the crater, deposits reach over fifty metres in thickness, and even five kilometres away they are still ten metres thick. All plants and animals for a distance of about sixty kilometres to the northeast and forty kilometres to the southeast must have been wiped out.[7] An estimated 6 km³ (1.4 cu mi) of magma erupted,[8] producing around 16 km³ (3.8 cu mi) of tephra.[9] This 'huge' Plinian eruption thus had a Volcanic Explosivity Index (VEI) of 6.

Tephra deposits from the eruption dammed the Rhine, creating a 140 km² (50 sq mi) lake. When the dam broke, an outburst flood swept downstream, leaving deposits as far away as Bonn.[8] The fallout has been identified in an area of more than 300,000 square kilometres, stretching from central France to northern Italy and from southern Sweden to Poland, making it an invaluable tool for chronological correlation of archaeological and palaeoenvironmental layers across the area.[10]

Aftermath of the eruption

The wider effects of the eruption were limited, amounting to several years of cold summers and up to two decades of environmental disruption in Germany. However, the lives of the local population, known as the Federmesser culture, were disrupted. Before the eruption, they were a sparsely distributed people who subsisted by foraging and hunting, using both spears and bows and arrows. According to archaeologist Felix Riede, after the eruption the area most affected by the fallout, the Thuringian Basin occupied by the Federmesser, appears to have been largely depopulated, whereas populations in southwest Germany and France increased. Two new cultures, the Bromme of southern Scandinavia and the Perstunian of northeast Europe emerged. These cultures had a lower level of toolmaking skills than the Federmesser, particularly the Bromme who appear to have lost the bow and arrow technology. In Riede's view the decline was a result from the disruption caused by the Laacher See volcano.[11]

The eruption was discussed as a possible cause for the Younger Dryas, a period of global cooling near the end of the last glacial maximum that appeared to coincide with the time of the Laacher See eruption.[12] However, an improved dating of the onset of the Younger Dryas in Europe, published in 2021, showed that it began about 200 years after the eruption, ruling it out as a potential cause.[13]

See also

• List of volcanoes in Germany

References

Further reading

• Ginibre, Catherine; Wörner, Gerhard; Kronz, Andreas (2004). "Structure and Dynamics of the Laacher See Magma Chamber (Eifel, Germany) from Major and Trace Element Zoning in Sanidine: a Cathodoluminescence and Electron Microprobe Study". Journal of Petrology. 45 (11): 2197–2223. Bibcode:2004JPet...45.2197G. doi:10.1093/petrology/egh053.
• Park, Cornelia; Schmincke, Hans-Ulrich (1997). "Lake Formation and Catastrophic Dam Burst during the Late Pleistocene Laacher See Eruption (Germany)". Naturwissenschaften. 84 (12): 521–525. Bibcode:1997NW.....84..521P. doi:10.1007/s001140050438. S2CID 36411187.
• Riede, Felix (2008). "The Laacher See-eruption (12,920 BP) and material culture change at the end of the Allerød in Northern Europe". Journal of Archaeological Science. 35 (3): 591–599. doi:10.1016/j.jas.2007.05.007.
• Hensch, Martin; Dahm, Torsten; Ritter, Joachim; Heimann, Sebastian; Schmidt, Bernd; Stange, Stefan; Lehmann, Klaus (2019). "Deep low-frequency earthquakes reveal ongoing magmatic recharge beneath Laacher See Volcano (Eifel, Germany)". Geophysical Journal International. 216 (3): 2025–2036. Bibcode:2019GeoJI.216.2025H. doi:10.1093/gji/ggy532.

External links

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Laacher See.

• Continuous event display of the 10 most recent registered seismic activities measured from the Laacher See
• Nixdorf, B.; et al. (2004), "Laacher See", Dokumentation von Zustand und Entwicklung der wichtigsten Seen Deutschlands (in German), Berlin: Umweltbundesamt, p. 28
• Apokalypse im Rheintal (Cornelia Park und Hans-Ulrich Schmincke)
• Martin Hensch, etal.: Deep low-frequency earthquakes reveal ongoing magmatic recharge beneath Laacher See Volcano (Eifel, Germany). Geophys. J. Int. (2019) 216, 2025–2036 doi:10.1093/gji/ggy532
• Michael W. Förster, Frank Sirocko: Volcanic activity in the Eifel during the last 500,000 years: The ELSA-Tephra-Stack .Global and Planetary Change (2016) (PDF)

На других языках

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[de] Laacher See

Der Laacher See befindet sich in der Vulkaneifel nahe der Abtei Maria Laach. Der See in einer Caldera ist der größte in Rheinland-Pfalz. Er gehört wie die Abtei Maria Laach zur Ortsgemeinde Glees. Der Laacher Vulkan brach zuletzt etwa 10930 v. Chr.[1] oder 10804 v. Chr. aus.[2] Die im südöstlichen Bereich des Sees als Mofetten beobachtbaren Ausgasungen sind Zeichen einer andauernden vulkanischen Tätigkeit.

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- [en] Laacher See

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[fr] Lac de Laach

Le lac de Laach, en allemand Laacher See, est un lac d'Allemagne situé dans l'Eifel, en Rhénanie-Palatinat. Il s'agit d'un lac de cratère occupant en quasi-totalité une caldeira formée il y a environ 13 000 ans. Le lac accueille l'abbaye de Maria Laach sur ses rives.

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[it] Laacher See

Il Laacher See è un lago situato nella regione vulcanica dell'Eifel, vicino alle città di Andernach (8 km), di Bonn (37 km) e di Coblenza (24 km). Sulle sue sponde si trova l'abbazia di Santa Maria. Formatosi in una caldera, è di forma ovale e con circa 3,3 km² è il più grande lago in Renania-Palatinato. L'ultimo focolaio dell'ex "vulcano Laacher" risale circa al 10 930 a.C.[1]

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[ru] Лахер-Зе

Лахер-Зе[1] (нем. Laacher See; устар. Лаахское озеро[2][3]) — бессточное озеро вулканического происхождения на территории коммуны Глес в районе Арвайлер земли Рейнланд-Пфальц (Германия).

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