The Rock Island Arsenal comprises 946 acres (383 ha), located on Arsenal Island, originally known as Rock Island, on the Mississippi River between the cities of Davenport, Iowa, and Rock Island, Illinois. It lies within the state of Illinois. Rock Island was previously used as the summer camp site for Sauk Native Americans, and the dispute over tribal ownership led to the Black Hawk War of 1832, after the primary leader of the Sauk, Black Hawk. It is now home of First Army headquarters, and the US Army's Center of Excellence for Additive Manufacturing.[3]

Rock Island Arsenal
U.S. National Register of Historic Places
U.S. National Historic Landmark District
Rock Island Arsenal, Quarters 1 (Building 301)
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Location	Rock Island, Illinois
Coordinates	41°31′1″N 90°32′31″W
Built	1832
Architect	General Thomas J. Rodman et al.
Architectural style	Greek Revival, Italianate
NRHP reference No.	69000057
Significant dates
Added to NRHP	September 30, 1969[1]
Designated NHLD	June 7, 1988[2]

Rock Island Military Prison
Part of American Civil War prison camps
Union prison at Rock Island, during the American Civil War, circa 1863–1865
Type	Union Prison Camp
Site information
Owner	U.S. Government
Controlled by	Union Army
Open to the public	No
Site history
In use	December 1863-July 1865
Battles/wars	American Civil War
Garrison information
Occupants	Union soldiers, Confederate prisoners of war

The island was originally established as a government site in 1816, with the building of Fort Armstrong. It is now the largest government-owned weapons manufacturing arsenal in the United States.[4] It has manufactured military equipment and ordnance since the 1880s. In 1919–1920 one hundred of the Anglo-American or Liberty Mark VIII tanks were manufactured, although too late for World War I. It is designated as a National Historic Landmark.

Established as both an arsenal and a center for the manufacture of leather accoutrements and field gear, today it provides manufacturing, logistics, and base support services for the Armed Forces. The Arsenal is the only active U.S. Army foundry, and manufactures ordnance and equipment, including artillery, gun mounts, recoil mechanisms, small arms, aircraft weapons sub-systems, grenade launchers, weapons simulators, and a host of associated components.[5] Some of the Arsenal's most successful products include the M198 and M119 towed howitzers, and the M1A1 gun mount. About 250 military personnel and 6,000 civilians work there. The 2000 census population was 145.

History

From the autobiography of Sauk Native American Black Hawk: "When we arrived we found that the troops had come to build a fort on Rock Island...We did not object, however, to their building their fort on the island, but were very sorry, as this was the best one on the Mississippi, and had long been the resort of our young people during the summer. It was our garden, like the white people have near their big villages, which supplied us with strawberries, blackberries, gooseberries, plums, apples and nuts of different kinds."

The island facilities were converted and built in 1863; they were not yet completed in December of that year, when the first Confederate prisoners were incarcerated. The construction was makeshift. The first prisoners were 468 Confederates captured in battles at Chattanooga, Tennessee. That month more than 5,000 Confederates would swell the population of Rock Island military prison. They were kept in 84 barracks, each holding around 100 prisoners.[6] A total of 41 Confederate prisoners successfully escaped during the prison's operation, and many more would try but fail.[7][8]

A total of 1,964 Confederate prisoners and 125 Union guards are buried in the adjacent military cemetery, including 49 members of the 108th Regiment of United States Colored Troops, who served as guards. Most died from disease, since sanitation was primitive as in all army encampments, and exposure to heat and humidity during the summers and freezing temperatures during winters. In 1864, deadly smallpox epidemics rapidly spread through the prison.

The prison camp operated from December 1863 until July 1865, when the last prisoners were freed. After the war, the prison facility was completely destroyed. During its two years in operation, the prison camp housed a total of more than 12,400 Confederates.[7][8]

Other historical sites in the area include the Confederate Cemetery, the Rock Island National Cemetery, 19th-century stone workshops, officers' quarters along the river, Col. Davenport's House, and the site of the first bridge built across the Mississippi. Following the war, the federal government retained ownership of Arsenal Island and developed it for use as an arsenal and ordnance manufacturing center, which led to its being renamed.

Rock Island Arsenal Museum

The Rock Island Arsenal Museum was established on July 4, 1905. It is the second-oldest US Army Museum in the US after the West Point Museum. The museum has been closed twice, during World War I and World War II, to provide more space for manufacturing facilities.

Exhibits interpret the history of Rock Island Arsenal and the Union prison camp during the American Civil War, and the site's role as a military industrial facility. The museum contains the second-largest collection of small arms weapons in the U.S. Army, and an outdoor vehicle display.

Indoor exhibits include (as of June 2012):

Weapon name	Country of origin	Period
M1 75mm Pack Howitzer on M8E1 Mount	United States	1927–present
M40A1 106mm Recoilless Rifle with 50 caliber spotting rifle	United States	1950s–present
M45 Quadmount "Quad 50" 50 caliber machine gun turret	United States	World War II – 1980s
M14 conversion display to M14 Enhanced Battle Rifle (RI)	United States	1959–present

Outdoor exhibits include (as of June 2012):

Weapon name	Country of origin	Period
M65 Atomic Cannon	United States	1953–1963
M198 155mm towed howitzer	United States	1979–present
M119 105mm towed howitzer	United Kingdom  United States	1989–present
M115 8 inch towed howitzer	United States	1931–1950s
Type 59-1 130mm Field Gun (Chinese version of Russian M46)	China	1954–present
M22 or T9E1 Locust Light Tank	United States	World War II
M4A3 Sherman Medium Tank with battle damage from the Battle of the Bulge in World War II with the 4th Armored Division	United States	World War II
M50 Ontos Self-propelled Anti-tank Gun	United States	1956–1969
M51 Skysweeper Towed Anti-aircraft gun	United States	1953–1975
M1 Bofors 40mm Anti-aircraft Gun	Sweden	World War II
D-44 85mm Field Gun	Soviet Union	1945–1953
M2A1 105mm Howitzer	United States	1941–present
XM123A1 Medium Auxiliary Propelled 155mm Howitzer (experimental model of M114 howitzer)	United States	1961
XM124E2 Light Auxiliary Propelled 105mm Howitzer (experimental model of M2 or M101 howitzer)	United States	1962–1965
M114 155mm Howitzer	United States	1942–present
M2A2 Terra Star Auxiliary Propelled Howitzer with tri-star wheels	United States	1969–1977
Nebelwerfer 41 Multiple Rocket Launcher	Germany	World War II
XM70E2 Rocket Launcher	United States	1959–1963
M5 3 inch Anti-Tank Gun	United States	1943–present
M102 Lightweight 105mm Howitzer (Airmobile)	United States	1964–present
T66 or M16 4.5 inch Multiple Rocket Launcher	United States	1945–1954
M3A1 37mm Anti-tank Gun	United States	World War II
M1 57mm Anti-tank Gun	United Kingdom	World War II
M3 105mm Light Howitzer (Airborne)	United States	1943–present
M55 Self-propelled 155mm Howitzer	United States	1970s
MGR-1 Honest John Surface-to-surface Missile	United States	1954–1973
MGR-3 Little John Surface-to-surface Missile with XM80 launcher	United States	1961–1969
ZSU-23-4 "Shilka" Self-Propelled Anti-aircraft gun	Soviet Union	1962–present

See also

• Black Hawk
• American Civil War
• List of Civil War POW Prisons and Camps
• Prisoner-of-war camp
• List of National Historic Landmarks in Illinois

References

External links

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Rock Island Arsenal.

• Historic American Engineering Record (HAER) No. IL-20, "Rock Island Arsenal"
• Official website
• The Rock Island Arsenal Joint Manufacturing & Technology Center (archive link)
• The Rock Island Arsenal profile at globalsecurity.org
• Rock Island Arsenal Museum
• Rock Island Civil War prison (archive link)
• Rock Island National Cemetery, Arsenal, and Confederate POW Camp
• Rock Island Memorial POW Camp #2229
• Rock Island Arsenal Wikimapia