geo.wikisort.org - River

The Ibar (Serbian Cyrillic: Ибар, pronounced [îbar]), also known as the Ibër and Ibri (Albanian: Ibër, Ibri), is a river that flows through eastern Montenegro, northern Kosovo and central Serbia, with a total length of 272 km (169 mi).[1] The river begins in the Hajla mountain, in Rožaje, eastern Montenegro, and passes through southwestern Serbia and northern Kosovo, where it leads back into Serbia to flow into the West Morava river near Kraljevo, central Serbia.

Ibar Ибар, Ibër, Ibri
Ibar River in Raška
Location
Country	Montenegro, Serbia, Kosovo
Physical characteristics
Source
• location	Hajla mountain, Rožaje, eastern Montenegro
Mouth
• location	into West Morava at Kraljevo
• coordinates	43°43′39″N 20°44′58″E
Length	272 km (169 mi)[1]
Basin size	7,925 km2 (3,060 sq mi)[2]
Basin features
Progression	West Morava→ Great Morava→ Danube→ Black Sea

It belongs to the Black Sea drainage basin. Its own drainage area is 7,925 km² (3,060 sq mi),[2] with an average discharge of 60 m³/s at the mouth. It is not navigable.

Etymology

Professor Niko Zupančić has theorized that the word Ibar is related to the Basque word for "river" (i-ba/r/i), which is also how the Ebro river in Spain received its name.[3] Other scholars have suggested that the name is derived from Greek, given that the river's ancient name was Hiberus.[4] The scholar Ejup Mushoviq theorized that the word derives from the Albanian i Bardhë, meaning "white".[5]

Upper course

The Ibar originates from six springs on the Hajla mountain in eastern Montenegro. It generally flows north-east, passing through Ibarac, Rožaje, Radetina and Bać, after which it enters Serbia. Passing through the most southern part of Raška District, it flows through several small villages. In this whole area, the river has no major tributaries, but many short streams which flow into it from surrounding mountains. This part also represents the route of one of two main roads connecting Serbia and Montenegro (Ibarska magistrala).

Middle course

Continuing south, the river enters Kosovo and passes through Gazivode, Zubin Potok, Ugljare, Zupče and Šipolje, reaching the city of Mitrovica. There, it makes a sharp, elbow turn to the north, flowing through Zvečan, Slatina, Sočanica, Leposavić, Dren and Lešak, entering central Serbia at the village of Donje Jarinje.

In Kosovo

At Kosovo, the river is dammed, creating the artificial Lake Gazivoda (area 11.9 km² or 4.6 sq mi, altitude 693 m or 2,274 ft, depth 105 m or 344 ft). Water from the lake is used for industrial and mining facilities in the Mitrovica/Trepča area. Below Gazivoda another reservoir is created, Lake Pridvorice. These lakes allow irrigation of an area of 300 km², representing part of a plan, never completed, of a huge Ibar-Lepenac Hydrosystem, which was supposed to regulate the Ibar-Sitnica-Lepenac watercourse (including ecological protection, irrigation and power production).

At Mitrovica, the river enters a minerals and ore-rich area of the western slopes of Kopaonik mountain, which it follows for the next 100 km (62 mi) or so. The area is especially rich in lead, zinc and silver (Stari Trg, Trepča and Leposavić mines).

Right on its elbow turn, the Ibar receives its longest (right) tributary, the Sitnica.

In Serbia

Entering central Serbia again, the river receives its major tributaries: the Raška, Studenica and Lopatnica, from the left, and the Jošanica.

In this section, the river has carved the 40 km (25 mi) long and 550 m (1,804 ft) deep Ibar gorge, which is the natural route for the major road in this part of Serbia, the Ibar Highway. This stretch of the river is famous for its pinched meanders and gigantic whirlpools. The whole area is 110 km (68 mi) long (meridionally stretched), and at Serbia's parts is popularly divided into several colorfully named valleys:

• Dolina istorije (Serbian: Долина историје; Valley of history), consisting of ruins of the medieval city of Maglič, the monastery of Studenica, the monastery of Žiča, the monastery of Gradac, etc.;
• Dolina jorgovana (Serbian: Долина јоргована; Valley of the lilacs);
• Dolina banja (Serbian: Долина бања; Valley of the spas), with many spas and springs, such as Jošanička Banja, Mataruška Banja and Bogutovačka Banja.

The gorge is carved between the mountains of Golija, Čemerno and Troglav from the east, and Kopaonik, Željin and Stolovi from the west.

This is a continuation of Kopaonik's mining-rich area, including deposits of iron ore (Kopaonik, Raška), nickel (Kopaonik), asbestos (Brvenik), magnesite (Bela Stena) and hard coal (Baljevac, Ušće and Jarando).

The Ibar has previously gained notoriety as being the most polluted river in Serbia (together with its major tributary, the Sitnica), especially from frequent spills of extremely poisonous phenol, which causes constant problems for the population of Kraljevo, since the city uses the river's water for public waterworks.

See also

• List of rivers of Europe
• Rivers of Serbia
• Rivers of Montenegro
• List of rivers of Kosovo

References

• Mala Prosvetina Enciklopedija, Third edition (1985); Prosveta; ISBN 86-07-00001-2
• Jovan Đ. Marković (1990): Enciklopedijski geografski leksikon Jugoslavije Svjetlost-Sarajevo; ISBN 86-01-02651-6

На других языках

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[de] Ibar

Der Ibar (serbisch-kyrillisch Ибар; albanisch Ibër/Ibri) ist ein Fluss in Montenegro, Kosovo und dem Süden Serbiens mit einer Gesamtlänge von 276 km. Die Quelle befindet sich im Hajla-Gebirge bei Rožaje im Osten Montenegros. Von dort verläuft der Fluss durch eine tiefe Schlucht in östlicher Richtung ins Kosovo. Bei Gazivoda wurde der Ibar aufgestaut; so entstand der Gazivodasee, in dem die Grenze zwischen dem Kosovo und Serbien verläuft. In Mitrovica nimmt der Ibar die von Süden kommende Sitnica auf. Hier bildet der Fluss die faktische Grenze zwischen dem überwiegend von Serben bewohnten Nordkosovo und dem unter Kontrolle der Regierung in Pristina stehenden Teil des Landes. Die Brücke über den Ibar bildet einen strategischen Brennpunkt in der Region und war mehrmals Schauplatz gewalttätiger Ausschreitungen. Der Ibar fließt fortan in nördlicher Richtung zurück nach Serbien, bis er bei Kraljevo in die Westliche Morava (serbisch Zapadna Morava) mündet.

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- [en] Ibar River

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[es] Río Ibar

El río Ibar (en serbio cirílico: Ибар; en albanés: Ibër) es un río que discurre por Montenegro y Serbia, con una longitud total de 276 km. Nace en Montenegro oriental y, después de pasar a través de Kosovo, desemboca en el Zapadna Morava, en Serbia Central, cerca de Kraljevo.[1]

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[it] Ibar

L'Ibar è un fiume che scorre a sud, in Serbia, Montenegro e Kosovo per un totale di poco meno di 276 km.

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[ru] Ибар

Ибар (серб. Ибар) — река в Черногории и Сербии[Комм 1], правый приток Западной Моравы.

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