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Lac Marville is a lagoon in the Kerguelen islands, part of the French Southern and Antarctic Lands. Extending over approximately 27 km2 (10 sq mi),[1] it is the largest lake in the archipelago and one of the largests in France.
| Lac Marville | |
|---|---|
 Satellite image (2020/01/07) of Courbet peninsula with Lac Marville to the northeast. | |
  Lac Marville  Lac Marville | |
| Location | Courbet Peninsula Kerguelen islands |
| Coordinates | 49°09′S 70°28′E |
| Type | Lagoon |
| Primary inflows | Rivière de l'Est (Kerguelen) |
| Primary outflows | Indian Ocean |
| Catchment area | 250 km2 (97 sq mi)[1] |
| Basin countries | French Southern Territories |
| Max. length | 6.5 km (4.0 mi)[1] |
| Max. width | 5.25 km (3.26 mi)[1] |
| Surface area | 27 km2 (10 sq mi)[1] |
| Surface elevation | 1 m (3.3 ft) |
| Settlements | Port-aux-Français (27 km (17 mi)[1] away) |
Its drainage basin covers about 250 km2 (97 sq mi).[1]
Location
Lac Marville is located on Grande-Terre, the archipelago's main island, along the northeastern shore of the Courbet Peninsula, between Cape Sandwich to the south and Cape Digby to the north.[2]
It was patently known to whalers as early as the 19th century, for Captain Joseph J. Fuller in his memoirs described a large lake, at the back of the Royal Bay,[3] the circumference of which was about 15 miles.[4] However, no mention of the lake appeared on charts until the 1930s.[5][6]
Toponymy
This great lake was first officially mentioned by Edgar Aubert de la Rüe when he reported on his expeditions to Kerguelen in 1928-1929 and 1931. He chose the name of Marville without publishing the reasons.[7]
Hydrology
Lac Marville is shallow and the surface of the water body is approximately 1 m (3 ft 3 in) above sea level. Its area of 27 km2 (10 sq mi)[1] is quite similar to that of Loch Morar (Scotland). It is the largest lake in the Kerguelen islands, far ahead of lakes Bontemps or d'Entr'Aigues whose surface areas are about 6.3 km2 (2.4 sq mi).[1]
It is a coastal lake, actually a former lagoon separated from the Indian Ocean by a spit,[2] 5 km (3.1 mi) long and 100 m (330 ft) to 500 m (1,600 ft) wide.[1]
Lac Marville is about as long 6.5 km (4.0 mi) as it is wide 5.25 km (3.26 mi);[1] it thus differs from most of the great lakes of the Kerguelen which have an elongated shape, constrained by the steep-sided morphology of the valleys.[2]
Seven islets dot the lake. The largest hardly exceeds 7 ha (17 acres).[1]
Even before the lake was mapped, navigators (especially those of the Challenger expedition in 1874), had pointed out at the northern entrance of the outlet a remarkable green hillock, the "Morne Vert".[8]
Lac Marville is mainly fed by the Rivière de l'Est which originates at the foot of Mont Courbet and Delta Peak in the western mountains of the Courbet peninsula.[2] At the mouth with the lake, 24 km (15 mi) downstream, the river bed widens to reach more than 150 m (490 ft).[1] Many waterflows complete this contribution, descending from the Azorella's hills or from the Hautes Mares to the north and from Mount Peeper to the south.[2] The lake's watershed, the largest in the Kerguelen archipelago on par with that of the system formed by the Clarée and the Rivière des Galets, covers an area of 250 km2 (97 sq mi).[1]
A short outlet flows into the ocean across the coastline along the back beach towards the south.[2]
Freshwater contains 120 mg/L (4.3×10−6 lb/cu in) of dissolved salts with a high proportion of chlorides due to marine influence.[9]
Ecology
Like the whole of the eastern plain of the Courbet peninsula, many peat bogs occupy the edges of the lake.
No native fish live in the lakes and rivers of the Kerguelen. At the end of the 1950s, salmonids were deliberately introduced in the archipelago. Brown trout (Salmo trutta), in particular those released into the Rivière du Château, colonized the entire drainage system of the peninsula thanks to their marine migratory form. Their arrival in Lac Marville occurred between 1982 and 1992.[10]
A green freshwater algae species belonging to the genus Pediastrum, (Pediastrum marvillense), was first described in Lac Marville.[11]
Geology
The formation of the lake seems linked to the closure of a former marine gulf.[9]
The bottom is made up of fine quaternary deposits, clayey-sandy, of fluvio-glacial origin.[12]
References
- All measurements were made on Google maps with ACME planimeter and checked on Géoportail and its own tools.
- Topographic descriptions based on the general reconnaissance map at the scale of 1: 200,000: I.G.N., ed. (1973). Îles Kerguelen, carte de reconnaissance au 1:200 000. Paris.
- Royal Bay was the historical name for the marine area between Cape Digby and Cape Sandwich; it no longer belongs to the current toponymy.
- Briton Cooper Busch, ed. (June 1980). "The wreckage of the Pilot's bride (1880-1883)". Master of Desolation, the Reminiscences of Capt. Joseph J. Fuller. American Maritime Library. Vol. 9. Transcription of the manuscript of Joseph J. Fuller (1840-1920). Mystic Seaport Museum Inc. p. 118.
- Aubert de la Rüe, Edgar (1932). "Esquisse géologique de l'archipel de Kerguelen" (in French). Retrieved 30 July 2021.
- "Carte du Service hydrographique de la Marine" (in French). 1937. Retrieved 30 July 2021.
- Aubert de la Rüe, Edgar (1932). Société de géographie physique (ed.). "Etude géologique et géographique de l'archipel de Kerguelen". Revue de géographie physique et de géologie dynamique. Bulletin du laboratoire de géographie physique de la faculté des sciences de l'université de Paris (in French). Paris. V (1 et 2): 19 and 38. Retrieved 30 July 2021.
- Commission territoriale de toponymie; Delépine, Gracie (20 August 1973). French Southern and Antarctic Lands (ed.). Toponymie des Terres australes et antarctiques françaises (in French). Paris. p. 347. Retrieved 26 July 2021.
- Philippe Maire (1985). Université Paul Verlaine (ed.). Contribution à l'étude hydrobiologique du lac Studer: écologie du phytoplancton et production primaire, îles Kerguelen, Terres australes et antarctiques françaises (in French). Metz. pp. 12, 43. Retrieved 29 July 2021.
- Davaine, Patrick; Beall, Edward (1997). "Introduction de salmonidés en milieu vierge (Îles Kerguelen, Subantarctique): enjeux, résultats, perspectives". Bulletin français de la pêche et de la pisciculture (in French) (344–345): 93–110. doi:10.1051/kmae:1997013.
- Thérézien, Yves; Couté, Alain (1977). Comité national français pour les recherches antarctiques (ed.). Algues d'eau douce des Iles Kerguelen et Crozet, à l'exclusion des Diatomées (in French). p. 49. Retrieved 27 July 2021.
- Richet, Pascal; et al. (2007). BRGM éditions, Belin (ed.). Guide des volcans d'Outre-mer (in French). Orléans, Paris (published May 2007). p. 439. ISBN 978-2-7011-4510-5.
На других языках
- [en] Lac Marville
[es] Lago Marville
El Lago Marville es una laguna en las islas Kerguelen , parte de las Tierras Australes y Antárticas Francesas una extensión de aproximadamente 27 km 2(10 millas cuadradas),[1] es el lago más grande del archipiélago y uno de los más grandes de Francia .[fr] Lac Marville
Le lac Marville est un lac littoral des îles Kerguelen dans les Terres australes et antarctiques françaises. Avec une superficie d'environ 27 km2, il constitue la plus vaste étendue d'eau douce de l'archipel et l'un des plus grands lacs naturels de France.Другой контент может иметь иную лицензию. Перед использованием материалов сайта WikiSort.org внимательно изучите правила лицензирования конкретных элементов наполнения сайта.
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