The volcano is visible in the upper center portion of the photo, which was taken from the summit of Ollagüe volcano. Salar de Ascotán (left) and Salar de Carcote (right) are also visible in the photo.
13 October 1977 - José Ambrus and Jaime Sepúlveda (Chile)[2][3]
It is part of the dividing range between Upper Loa River basin and Salar de Ascotán basin. Together with Inacaliri and Azufre, it forms a 50 kilometres (31mi) long volcanic chain constructed along the Inacaliri lineament.[12] The volcano rises above an ignimbrite plain that in the area reaches an altitude of 3,700 metres (12,100ft)[13] and forms a chain of volcanoes with Inacaliri.[14]
A 1.3 by 1.8 kilometres (0.81mi ×1.12mi) wide crater surmounts the volcano and features late lava domes.[15] A lava dome cluster is recognizable in the central sector of the volcano, forming a flat area with a surface of 4.7 square kilometres (1.8sqmi). The volcano contains basaltic rocks with an extrusion formed from more silicic rock. Layers of mafic andesite, scoria and some pumice extend outwards away from the central sector. The volcano rises 6,023 metres (19,760ft) above its terrain and its average summit slope is 26°. The western flank underwent a collapse, leaving a 2.9 kilometres (1.8mi) wide and 5.9 kilometres (3.7mi) long scar and a deposit at the volcano's foot. Olivine and plagioclase phenocrysts are found in the andesites, the overall SiO2 content is 57.6-58.9% in samples from the southern ridge.[16][13][17][18] The volcano probably formed in a short timespan, given the mountainous composition and form.[19]
The volcano is no more than 1-2 mya old, but there is no evidence of postglacial material and erosion has carved radial ridges into the volcano.[16] Precise dating methods performed on the southeastern flank have found ages of 3.65±0.15 mya and 3.81±0.30 for lavas and scoria.[19] The snowline altitude in the area is 5,900–6,000 metres (19,400–19,700ft)[20] Four moraine stages are found on the mountain, with the lowest moraines on the southern flank at 4,200 metres (13,800ft) altitude.[13] Nowadays, block glaciers have been identified in the area,[21] one of which is found at 5,300 metres (17,400ft).[13] The mountain is also one of the headwaters of the Loa River,[22] and water was transferred from Palpana to Antofagasta by pipeline.[23] A minor vegetation cover of 20-25% of the surface is present.[13]
The mountain is worshipped by pastoralist people who inhabit the surrounding land, and remnants of a sanctuary have been found on its summit.[24]
Other data from digital elevation models: SRTM yields 6,034 metres (19,797ft),[6] ASTER 6,024 metres (19,764ft),[7] SRTM filled with ASTER6,034 metres (19,797ft),[7] ALOS 6,024 metres (19,764ft),[8]TanDEM-X 6,076 metres (19,934ft)[9] and a handheld GPS survey by Maximo Kausch September 2012 6,050 metres (19,850ft).[5]
The height of the nearest key col is 4,093 metres (13,428ft),[10] leading to a topographic prominence of 1,947 metres (6,388ft) with a topographical dominance of 32.24%. Its parent peak is Aucanquilcha and the Topographic isolation is 36.6 kilometres (22.7mi).[11]
References
"Argentina and Chile: North Ultra-Prominences" Peaklist.org. In the footnotes, Peaklist offers this comment:Cerro Palpana: We believe this is marginally higher than the published 6023 meter elevation. Retrieved 19 April 2012.
"Palpana". Andes Specialists. Retrieved 12 April 2020.
de Silva, Shanaka L.; Francis, Peter William (1 January 1991). Volcanoes of the Central Andes. Springer Science+Business Media. p.71. ISBN9783540537069. Retrieved 1 December 2015.
Schröder, Hilmar (June 1999). "Vergleichende Periglazialmorphologie im Sommerregengebiet der Atacama". Erdkunde (in German). 53 (2): 119–135. doi:10.3112/erdkunde.1999.02.03. JSTOR25647145.
Huxley, Michael (1969). The Geographical Magazine (42ed.). Geographical Press, University of Michigan. p.802. Retrieved 1 December 2015.
Francis, P. W.; Wells, G. L. (July 1988). "Landsat Thematic Mapper observations of debris avalanche deposits in the Central Andes". Bulletin of Volcanology. 50 (4): 258–278. Bibcode:1988BVol...50..258F. doi:10.1007/BF01047488. S2CID128824938.
Wigger, Klaus-Joachim Reutter, Ekkehard Scheuber, Peter J. (1994). "Large- and Fine-Scale Geochemical Variations Along the Andean Arc of Northern Chile (17.5°– 22°S)". Tectonics of the Southern Central Andes Structure and Evolution of an Active Continental Margin. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg. pp.83–84. doi:10.1007/978-3-642-77353-2_5. ISBN978-3-642-77353-2.
Schröder, Hilmar (2001). "Kommentar Zu Den Anmerkungen Von Bettina Jenny, Klaus Kammer Und Bruno Messerli (erdkunde 55, 2001, 288–289)". Erdkunde (in German). 55 (3): 289–291. doi:10.3112/erdkunde.2001.03.07. JSTOR25647397.
Billinghurst, Guillermo Eduardo (1 January 1893). La irrigación en Tarapacá (in Spanish). Imprenta y Librería Ercilla. p.65.
Rudolph, William E. (1 January 1951). "Chuquicamata Twenty Years Later". Geographical Review. 41 (1): 88–113. doi:10.2307/211310. JSTOR211310.
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